Study Exams For Hesi Exit Pathophysiology

STUDY EXAMS FOR HESI EXIT PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER-Vasodilation (Drop in BP) Increased Vascular permeability & leaky capillaries WBC adhesion & diapedesis Signs of Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER-Redness Heat Swelling Pain Interleukins - CORRECT ANSWER-Produced by macrophages & lymphocytes Enhances the adaptive immune response Interferons - CORRECT ANSWER-Proteins that primarily protect against viral infection and modulate inflammation (does not kill viruses, protects cells from being infected) TNF-alpha effects - CORRECT ANSWER-Fever Increases proinflammatory proteins by the liver Cachexia (muscle wasting) Shock with gram (-) bacteria Systemic Signs of inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER-Fever Leukocytosis Plasma protein synthesis Chronic Inflammation - CORRECT ANSWER-Increased lymphocyte and macrophage Lasts longer than 2 weeks Presence of giant cells Regeneration - CORRECT ANSWER-complete return to normal structure and function Resolution - CORRECT ANSWER-returns injured tissues to an approximation of their original structure Repair - CORRECT ANSWER-replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue, not as strong as original tissue Dehiscence - CORRECT ANSWER-when an approximated wound pulls apart at the suture line Primary Intention (1st intention) - CORRECT ANSWER-Wound edges are approximated until healing occurs Secondary Intention - CORRECT ANSWER-Occurs when wounds that have tissue loss and require gradual filling in of dead space with connective tissue. Wounds left open Third (tertiary) - CORRECT ANSWER-Wounds left open intentionally to remove debris and then approximated Contracture - CORRECT ANSWER-Proper Positioning and Range of Motion exercises to prevent. Burn wounds especially susceptible. Antigens vs Immunogens - CORRECT ANSWER-Antigens: react with antibodies or antigen receptors Immunogens: produce immune response and antibodies IgG - CORRECT ANSWER-Most abundant Protective against infection IgA - CORRECT ANSWER-Found predominantly in blood Found in normal body secretions, mucus membranes IgM - CORRECT ANSWER-First antibody produced during initial or primary response IgE - CORRECT ANSWER-Common in allergic responses Defense against parasites Anaphylaxis - CORRECT ANSWER-Pruritus Erythema Headaches Vomiting Abdominal Cramps Diarrhea Bronchoconstriction Type I: Immediate Anaphylactic - CORRECT ANSWER-*ex:* Anaphylaxis; Atopic Diseases; Skin Reactions; Food allergies *P:* Histamine and leukotriene production *C:* IgE Type II: Cytolytic, Cytotoxic - CORRECT ANSWER-*ex:* ABO incompatibility; Druginduced hemolytic anemia *P:* Cell lysis d/t complement fixation *C:* IgG; IgM; Complement Type III: Immune Complex - CORRECT ANSWER-*ex:* Arthus reaction; Serum Sickness; SLE; Acute Glomerulonephritis. *P:* Inflammation d/t immune complex blockage *C:* Antigen-antibody complexes Type IV: Cell-mediated, delayed - CORRECT ANSWER-*ex:* Tuberculosis, Contact dermatitis, Transplant rejection *P:* Lymphokine release *C:* Sensitized T-Cells Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - Autoimmune - CORRECT ANSWER-*P:* Autoantibodies against nucleic acids, and other immune cells and cell products. Causes inflammatory lesions in organs (brain, heart, kidneys, etc) *R/F:* Women; Black; 20-40 yrs; Hydralazine *S/S:* Arthralgias; vasculitis; rash; renal disease; anemia Incubation Period - CORRECT ANSWER-Initial exposure Colonization Asymptomatic Prodromal Period - CORRECT ANSWER-Initial Ambiguous Symptoms Invasion Period - CORRECT ANSWER-Invasion Specific Symptoms Convalescence - CORRECT ANSWER-Successful removal of infectious agents Decline of symptoms Septic Shock (Endotoxic Shock) - CORRECT ANSWER-Leading cause of death in ICUs *C:* gram (-) bacteria, some gram (+) and fungi *S/S:* vasodilation, hypoxia, cardiovascular shock Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - CORRECT ANSWER-Blood Borne (blood, vaginal fluids, semen, breast milk) *P:* Retrovirus converts its own RNA to DNA, Decreases in helper T cells. Serologically 4-7 weeks can be up to years. *S/S:* Weight Loss; Annorexia; Kaposi sarcoma; Vesicular and ulcerative lesions perianal; loss of vision Paraneoplastic Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-When tumor markers such as alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and prostate specific antigens (PSA) cause symptoms