CRIMINAL JUSTICE FINAL (UNIT 2)

Weeks v. US (1914) - Established the Exclusionary Rule: The understanding that incriminating information must be seized according to constitutional specifications of due process, or it will not be allowed as evidence in a criminal trial Silverthorne Lumber Co v. US - Established Fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine: A legal principle that excludes from introduction at trial any evidence later developed as a result of an illegal seizure Mapp v. Ohio - Applied the Weeks ruling to the states via the 14th amendment. Man was sentenced to 7 years for pornographic film that they found without a search warrant US v. Leon - Established the Good faith exception: Officers who conduct a search or who seize evidence on the basis of good faith and who later discover that a mistake was made may still provide evidence that can be used in court Harris v. US - Established plain view doctrine. Police officers can confiscate evidence, without a warrant, based on what they find in plain view and open to public investigation. Only applies if the sighting was coincidental US v. Mendenhall - Established the Free to leave test Terry v. Ohio - Allowed stop and frisk (or a Terry frisk). The officer must have reasonable suspicion to perform this Brown v. Mississippi - You cannot beat/torture suspects to elicit a confession Miranda v. Arizona - The advisement of rights are due to criminal suspects by the police before questioning begins Nix v. Williams - Evidence, even if it was otherwise gathered inappropriately, can be used in a court of law if it would have inevitably turned up in the normal course of events New York v. Quarles - Considerations of public safety were overriding and negated the need for rights advisement prior to limited questioning that focused on the need to prevent further harm You can only wave your Miranda rights if you are...? - Knowing and Intelligent Police subculture - A particular set of values, beliefs, and acceptable forms of behavior characteristic of American police Police working personality - All aspects of the traditional values and patterns of behavior evidenced by police officers who have been effectively socialized into the police subculture Police corruption - The abuse of police authority for personal or organized gain Occupational deviance - Motivated by the desire for personal benefit Abuse of authority - Further the organizational goals of law enforcement Grass eaters - Fail to refuse bribes that are offered (take the money and change your grade) Meat eaters - Actively solicit bribes through threat or intimidation (if you don't give me money then you will fail the rest of the class) Police use of force - The use of physical restraint by a police officer when dealing with a member of the public Police excessive force - The application of an amount and/or frequency of force greater than that required to compel compliance from a willing or unwilling suspect