Counseling Children & Adolescents Exam 1 Latest 2022 (Answered) Grade A+

Counseling Children & Adolescents Exam 1 Latest 2022 (Answered) Grade A+ Developmentally appropriate Interventions -Distinguish what is considered normal and abnormal for the child -Must understand development as it relates to physical, social, emotional, and cognitive as well as learning and Identity Different types of Development Physical Social Emotional Cognitive Sexual Identity Moral Physical Development Children begin to experience a growth spurt that is characterized by rapid growth of arms, legs, hands, and feet. This growth spurt may lead to awkwardness and clumsiness as children strive to adjust to their disproportional bodies. Issues with physical development -Females who developed early reported: less support, negative attention, concerns about weight, tension in family relationships -Early development in boys can be positive -Late maturing boys reported: peer rejection, teasing, withdrawal from peers Social Development a developmental process that refers to the way people relate to others around them; Erickson's psychological stages Cognitive Development the emergence of the ability to think and understand Erikson's Psychosocial Stages 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1 year) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3 years) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5years) 4. Competence vs. Inferiority (6 years to puberty) 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion Trust vs. Mistrust If basic needs are met, infant develops a sense of basic trust in the world. Children who are neglected or mistreated may develop a basic sense that they cannot trust people to keep them safe or meet other basic needs. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Toddler strives to learn independence and self-confidence. If children are criticized rather than encouraged in their efforts to be independent, they may develop a sense of doubt about their abilities. Initiative vs. Guilt Preschooler learns to initiate tasks and grapples with self- control. Children who struggled with demonstrating personal power during this phase may enter middle childhood appearing shy and withdrawn and may need coaching from adults in order to display their abilities. Competency vs. Inferiority Child leans either to feel effective or inadequate. If child doesn't develop appropriately they may see timid, procrastinate often, an observer, and questions own ability. Identity vs. Role Confusion Teenagers work at developing a sense of self by testing roles, then integrating them to form a single identity. Someone who struggles with this may have doubts about sex role, overly hostile to authority, and tends to be self-rejection Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development 1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years) 2. Preoperational (2-7 years) 3. Concrete Operational (7-11 years) 4. Formal Operational (11+ years) Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years) Babies take in sensory information and act on it with minimal amount of additional processing. They also develop object permanence. Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) A child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. Stage where magical thinking and imagination play are most notable. Children in this stage often blame themselves for events that are not under their control. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years) Children master operations/skills that are used to solve problems and make predictions about what may happen in concrete situations which they have experienced or developed during childhood Formal Operational Stage (11+ years) Adolescents begin to hypothesize their own theories and test them out to form concrete answers. As their experiences and testing continues, their thinking becomes more complex and abstract. Attachment Styles The expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants; Secure and Insecure (anxious/avoidant, ambivalent/resistant, disorganized) Secure Attachment Style If a child experiences consistent warm care, he or she generally develops a secure attachment style, which is characterized by a pattern of trusting, confident, and emotionally stable behavior Types of Insecure Attachment Style -Avoidant attachment -Ambivalent/resistant attachment -Disorganized attachment All can be created by inconsistent, neglectful, or abusive caregiving during the first several months of life. Avoidant Attachment Children typically exhibit little distress when separated from a caregiver and are not particularly impressed when the caregiver returns . Ambivalent Attachment Children respond to being separated from the caregiver and are difficult to soothe when reunited. Disorganized Attachment a type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return; often seen in children who have experiences extreme hardships, such as being raised in orphanages with inadequate care or abusive homes Gardner's Multiple Intelligences linguistic, logico-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, intrapersonal Troiden's Homosexual Identity Formation Model 1. Sensitization 2. Identity Confusion 3. Identity Assumption 4. Identity Commitment Sensitization Usually occurs prior to puberty Generalized feelings of marginality Perception of being different from same-sex peers Identity Confusion Same-sex arousal or activity; absence of heterosexual arousal Reflection on whether feelings or behavior could be considered homosexual Identity Assumption Homosexuality identity is established and shared with others Self-definition as homosexual Identity Commitment Homosexuality adopted as a way of life Integration of sexuality and emotionality Commitment to a same-sex love relationships Kohlberg's stages of moral development -preconventional -conventional -postconventional Preconventional Morality