BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR TESTBANK 2024 LATEST UPDATE(ALL POSSIBLE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS) NOW AVAILABLE: LATEST DOCUMENT WITH POSITIVE REVIEWS AND EXPERT SOLUTIONS

Define neuroscience -answer the study of the brain and how it functions Localization of functioning -answer Equipotentiality theory -answer Lashley's integrated theory -answer what is neuropsychology -answer study between behavior and the brain 4 zones of the neuron -answer input zone, integration zone, conduction zone, output zone 3 parts of the cell -answer soma, axons, dendrites soma -answer cell body axon -answer transmits information dendrites -answer collects info from other cells 4 types of glial cells -answer astrocytes, oligodendrocyte, schwann cells, microglia astrocytes -answer star-shaped, siphons out waste from neurons and dumps it into blood vessels oligodendrocyte -answer 50 axons per 1 cell, makes myelin microglia -answer engulfs dead tissue and neurons, immune defense schwann cells -answer 1 axon per cell, cells wrap itseld and axon in myelin Who is Sherrington -answer won Nobel Prize for the concept of the Synapse Ramon y Cajal and Golgi -answer developing visualizations of neurons Central nervous system -answer brain and the spinal cord Peripheral nervous system -answer made up of nerves and branches into 2 different subtypes: autonomic and somatic Autonomic nervous system -answer involuntary movements, bodily organ functions; including sympathetic and parasympathetic Sympathetic nervous system -answer fight or flight response, heart rate increases Parasympathetic nervous system -answer rest and digest, conserves energu Somatic nervous system -answer controls skeletal muscles, voluntary movements 6 cranial nerves -answer olfactory, optic nerve, trigeminal, facial, auditory nerve, vagus Olfactory nerve -answer sense of smell optic nerve -answer vision trigeminal -answer touch and pain on the face auditory nerve -answer balance and hearing vagus -answer internal organs 4 areas of spinal cord -answer cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral Cervical area -answer neck Thoracic area -answer upper back Lumbar -answer lower back Sacral -answer tailbone Dorsal -answer top of the head Ventral -answer bottom of the head Anterior (rostral) -answer towards the front Posterior (caudal) -answer towards the back Lateral -answer towards the sides Medial -answer towards the middle Ipsilateral -answer same side Contralateral -answer opposite side Example of contralateral -answer nerves from right arm project to the left hemisphere Midsagittal -answer hotdog bun style Horizontal -answer hamburger bun style Coronal -answer life a loaf of bread, cutting it near the spinal cord White matter in brain -answer connections between cells, myelin Gray matter in brain -answer cell bodies Frontal lobe -answer primary motor cortex, motor control, personality, higher thoughts Parietal lobe -answer touch, somatosensory cortex Temporal lobe -answer hearing and memory Occipital lobe -answer vision Which lobes does the central sulcus separate -answer primary motor cortex in frontal lobe from somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe Hindbrain -answer Medulla, cerebellum Medulla oblongata -answer breathing and sustaining the heartbeat Cerebellum -answer little brain, balance and coordination Midbrain -answer superior and inferior colliculi Superior collculi -answer visual reflexes Inferior collculi -answer auditory reflexes Forebrain -answer Thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, corpus callosum Thalamus -answer sensory system processing Hypothalamus -answer fight or flight response, feeding, thirst, sex drive Amygdala -answer emotions Hippocampus -answer memory Corpus callosum -answer relays signals between the hemispheres of the brain Limbic system -answer emotions: contains amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus Movement system -answer motor control: contains cerebellum and basal ganglia Basal ganglia -answer fine motor control Visual system -answer primary visual control: dorsal and ventral stream Dorsal stream -answer perceives motion Ventral stream -answer perceives individual components Somatic nervous system - ANSWER Part of PNS; associated with voluntary movements of skeletal muscles Autonomic nervous system - ANSWER Part of PNS; associated with involuntary movements that may regulate body processes such as breathing; sympathetic (fight or flight) & parasympathetic (calming, relaxation); have ganglia for sympathetic and parasympathetic near spinal cord Peripheral nervous system - ANSWER nerves and sensory organs beyond brain & spinal cord Central nervous system - ANSWER brain & spinal cord Basal Ganglia - ANSWER group of neurons; involved in control of movement; subcortical in forebrain below corpus callosum; injured in those with Parkinsons Nucleus - ANSWER center of cell, containing chromosomal DNA and nucleolus Dura mater - ANSWER closest to skull; outer layer, thick but flexible Arachnoid membrane - ANSWER middle layer, web-like and spongy Pia mater - ANSWER innermost layer, closely attached to brain and spinal cord; contains smaller surface blood vessels of brain and spinal cord Subarachnoid space - ANSWER between arachnoid membrane and pia mater; filled with cerebrospinal fluid Cranial nerves - ANSWER 12 nerves deriving straight from brain or brainstem; used to bring information directly from sensory organs (afferent) or to muscles (efferent); sensory and motor functions of the head and neck region Sodium/Potassium pump - ANSWER used to maintain axon at resting potential; keeping Na+ out and K+ in Glial cells - ANSWER support cells for neurons; include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, radial glia, Schwann cells; "nerve glue" Astrocytes - ANSWER star shaped; physical support and clean up debris inside brain via phagocytosis; regulates chemical composition of fluid around neurons by providing nutrients from bloodstream Oligodendrocytes - ANSWER produces myelin sheath Microglia - ANSWER smallest of glia cells; "immune system" for brain; phagocytes, protect from invading microorganisms; active only when there is brain damage and leaves behind scar tissue Radial glia - ANSWER prenatal, brain development; used to guide neurons to where they will eventually develop Schwann cells - ANSWER produces myelin sheath but in PNS, stimulate growth of neuron!! - diff than oligodendrocyte Induction - ANSWER response to growth factors that induces ectoderm to eventually form the neural plate of which the neural tube and CNS form Migration - ANSWER radial glial cells guide the new neurons to correct location; layers of cortex start forming from inside, meaning that each new neuron must past through previously developed neural cells Neural crest - ANSWER group of cells derived from neural plate crest (above the tube) that separate