Sociology 101 (Exam 1)- 2024 GRADED A SOLUTIONS

Sociology 101 (Exam 1) - 2024 GRADED A SOLUTIONS C. Wright Mills - coined the term "The sociological imagination" and allows us to comprehend the change happening around us. Sociological Imagination - Ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives (C. Wright Mills) Auguste Comte (1798 -1857) - "Father of Sociology" - invented what he called "social physics" to understand the world. We could determine what is right and wrong without reference to higher powers or other religious concepts. Social Institution - Any institution in a society that works to shape the behavior of the groups of people within it Theoretical Stage - Society seemed to be the result of divine will "It was God's plan Metaphysical S tage - human behavior governed by natural, biological instincts Scientific Stage - develop a social physics to understand human behavior Harriet Martineau (1802 -1876) - In 1853 she translated Auguste Comte's work from French to English. *one of the earli est feminist social scientists Karl Marx (1818 -83) - founder of "Marxism" the ideological alternative to capitalism Max Weber (1864 -1920) - first to use sociological imagination. created Verstehen ("understanding"). To truly understand why people act the way they do, a sociologist must understand the meanings people attach to their actions. Emile Durkheim (1858 -1917) - studied suicide and showed how individual acts are conditioned by social forces. Anomie - too little social regulation; normlessness Georg Simmel - Established a sociology of numbers, how people conduct themselves differently depending how many people are involved Sociology "cousins" - Psychology, anthropology, History, political science Symbolic Interactionism - A micro -level theory in which shared means and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions Quantitative Methods - uses statistical analysis to examine numerical data (data that can be converted to numerical form) Qualitative methods - methods that attempt t o collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form. Sociology - The study of human society. The general goal of sociology is to allow us to see how our individual lives are intimately related to the social forces that exist beyond us Deductive approach - a research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory Inductive approach - a research appro ach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory. correlation or association - simultaneous variation in two variables Causality - The notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another Reverse Cau sality - A situation in which the researcher believes that A results in a change in B, but B in fact, is causing A Dependent Variable - The outcome you are trying to explain Independent Variable - Measures a variable that, if changed, you predict will be associated with changes in the dependent variable. Hypothesis - a proposed relationship between two variables Operationalization - the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study. Validity - the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure Reliability - likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure Generalizability - the extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied Reflexivity - analyzing and critically considering our own role in, and affect onm our research.