AICE Psychology Review Exam All Possible Questions and Answers with complete solution

Milgram Sample40 white males aged 20 - 50 from New Haven CT and the surrounding area (Yale University) a. Wide range of education levels from one who did not complete elementary school to those with PhD's b. 15 skilled or unskilled laborers, 16 white collar or salesmen and 9 professionals c. They answered ads in a newspaper for a Yale study on memory and learning. d. They were paid $4.50 for their participation. 4.00 for participation and .50 for travel Milgram ResultsAims: 1. To investigate what level of obedience would be shown when participants were told by an authority figure to administer electric shocks to another person 2. This study was conducted as a PILOT study for one that Milgram intended to carry out in Germany 3. He believed that he would have lower levels of obedience in the US than in Germany Quantitative Results 1. All participants went to at least 300 volts on the shock generator 2. 65 % of participants went to the end and believed they had administered the full 450 volts 3. Average was 368 volts B. Qualitative Results the amount of stress and tension clearly observed in the participants. Signs of anxiety included sweating, trembling, stuttering, biting their lips, groaning, digging their fingernails into their flesh, and having of nervous laughing fit. 3 subjects had seizures Piliavin SampleSubway 'participants' 43- avg # of riders per section (carriage) 8.5-avg # of riders in 'critical area'roughly 55% white & 45% black estimated 4,500 people overall (opportunity sample) Piliavin ResultsAim: to investigate whether diffusion of responsibility applies in all situations and what other factors might influence helping behaviour Cane victim- 100% help w/out model (62/62) -100% help w/model (3/3) -=95% spontaneous help of total trials (62/65) -avg of 5 seconds to help Drunk victim- 86% help w/out model (19/22) -75% help w/model (12/16) -=50% spontaneous help of total trials (19/38) -avg of 109 seconds to help Black victims received less help less quickly (especially in drunk condition) F. Neither race was more helpful overall... 1. BUT there was a slight 'same race effect' where whites were more likely to help the white victim (most noticeable in drunk condition among blacks too) G. Men were significantly more likely to help (90% of first helpers) In 20% of the trials, subway riders moved away from the critical area (34 people) -mostly females, noting their size/strength Yamamoto Sampleopportunity sample of 5 mother offspring pairs IV: "Can See" & "Cannot See" conditions Yamamoto ResultsA1: To investigate whether chimpanzees have the ability and flexibility to help another chimpanzee depending on its specific needs.A2: The research team had also noted that chimpanzees seldom help others without being asked and the team wanted to investigate this too. In first "Can See" condition, irrespective of which tool was chosen, 90.8% of trials, something was offered from the box to help with the task Of these offers, 90% came after the other chimp requested help In the "Cannot See" condition, 95.8% time chimp offered something from the box Of these, 71.7% came after the request In the second "Can See", Only 3 chimps were tested (Ai, Cleo, Pal) 97.4% trials, something was offered from the box, with upon-request offers accounting for 79.4% Stick or straw were offered most frequently first (Ai 81.3%; Cleo 95.7%; Pal 100% They correct tool needed most often Bandura SampleSubjects: 72 total- 1:1 M:F, 36 boys and 36 girls from the Stanford University Nursery School Age Range: 37-69 months old, x=52 months (3 years to almost 6 years old)