AICE Psychology Final Exam Study Guide Graded A+

Dement & Kleitman - Answer-(sleep and dreams) Biological Laboratory Dement & Kleitman Background - Answer-Sleep and dreaming are hard to study because the participants are unresponsive; therefore physiological measures are needed. Prior to this study psychologists didn't know how to measure dreams, but a study by Aserinsky and Kleitman in 1955 showed that we experience several REM and nREM stages during the night. During REM sleep subjects recorded more dream activity than in nREM sleep. Using an EEG machine, brain activity and eye movement could be measured objectively. Dement & Kleitman Aims: - Answer-Find out more about dreaming: Does dream recall differ between eye movement (REM) and quiescent (nREM) stages of sleep? Is there a positive correlation between the subjective estimates of dream duration and the length of the REM period before waking? Are eye movement patterns related to dream content? Dement & Kleitman: Sample - Answer--7 males and two female adults -5 were studied, 4 used to confirm results Dement & Kleitman: Experimental Design: - Answer-Test One:Repeated Measures (multiple sleep sessions) Test Two: Correlation (Repeated Measures) Test Three: Self Report compared to observed eye movements Dement & Kleitman Controls: - Answer--no caffeine or alcohol -sufficiently loud waking doorbell-experimenter only asked question after participant complete recording -Reports not counted as dreams if participant couldn't remember content or vaguely remembered Dement & Kleitman (Test One) Variables: - Answer--Independent Variable: Waken from REM or nREM sleep -Dependent Variable- If recalled dream Dement & Kleitman (Test Two) Variables: - Answer--Independent Variable- Whether woken after 5 or 15 minutes -Dependent Variable- accuracy of dream length estimates & dream description Dement & Kleitman (Test Three) Variables: - Answer--Independent Variable- eye movement directions (horizontal/vertical/both/none) -Dependent Variable- Dream content Dement & Kleitman: What happened? - Answer--Report to lab before normal bedtime -Slept in dark, quiet room with electrodes beside eyes and on scalp (wires gathered into single cord, like ponytail to make it easy to move around) -Participants woken in REM or nREM sleep, but not told which. -Asked to describe dream, and return to sleep. -Weren't told EEG pattern of if eyes moved Dement & Kleitman (Procedures specified by aims) Aim 1:- - Answer-Participants woken from REM or nREM (not told which) in different ways -After woken participants said if dreamed and described dream in a recorder -Experimenter occasionally entered room to ask questions about dream-No further communication after Dement & Kleitman-To test Aim 1, how were participants woken - Answer--random number table (PM and KC) -three REM then three nREM (DN) -told participants only REM, but randomly woken in either (WD) -no specific order, experimenter chose (IR)