UCI Bio 93 (Trio) Final Exam Review Questions With Answers | LATEST UPDATE

UCI Bio 93 (Trio) Final Exam Review Questions With Answers | LATEST UPDATE How energy flows through organisms. - ANSWER Bioengernetics Used for mechanical, transport, and chemical work. ATP is also an RNA nucleotide. - ANSWER ATP Energy used in motor proteins and muscle cells during contractions. - ANSWER Mechanical Work Energy used to move substances against their gradient. - ANSWER Transport Work Energy used to convey polymers into monomers. - ANSWER Chemical Work Portion of a systems energy that can preform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. - ANSWER Gibs Free Energy Delta G is less than zero (-) and the reaction is spontaneous. Example- ATP hydrolysis. - ANSWER Exergonic Reactions Delta G is greater than zero (+) and the reaction is nonspontaneous. - ANSWER Endergonic Reactions Lower energy barriers and can be denatured by temperature. - ANSWER Enzymes Phrase used to describe the very specific nature of enzymesubstrate interactions. - ANSWER "Lock and Key" Energy is constant and cannot be created or destroyed. - ANSWER 1st Law of Thermodynamics Every energy transformation increases the entropy in the universe. - ANSWER 2nd Law of Thermodynamics Process used by heterotrophs. Occurs in the mitochondria and produces majority of the energy our body constantly uses. - ANSWER Cellular Respiration Leads to cancer and aging, as well as muscle and metabolic dysfunction. - ANSWER Mitochondrial Defects Loss of electrons. - ANSWER Oxidation Addition of electrons. - ANSWER Reduction Activation Energy. - ANSWER What prevents glucose from instantly combining with oxygen? Occurs in the cytosol. The process of breaking down the 6 carbon molecule, glucose, into two 3 carbon pyruvate. The breaking of this bond creates 2 ATP. Does not require oxygen. NAD+, 1 Glucose, and 2 ATP go in while 2 pyruvate, NADH, and 4 ATP come out. - ANSWER Glycolysis Generation of ATP and ADP from a phosphorylated substrate. - ANSWER Substrate-Level Phosphorylation A process which does not require the input of oxygen. (Ie fermentation) - ANSWER Anaerobic A process which requires the input of oxygen. - ANSWER Aerobic A 3 carbon molecule that is made from the hydrolysis of glucose. - ANSWER Pyruvate Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. Pyruvate (3 carbon) and NADH+ go in while Acetyl CoA and NADH come out. - ANSWER Pyruvate Oxidation Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. Acetyl CoA (2 Carbon), NAD+/FAD+, and ADP go in while CO2 (1 Carbon), NADH/FADH2, and ATP come out. - ANSWER Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb's Cycle) Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. NADH and FADH2 carry electron through the transport chain and pump protons against their gradient (chemiosmosis). Oxidative Phosphorylation produces around 34 ATP through ATP synthase. - ANSWER Electron Transport Chain or Oxidative Phosphorylation The movement of ions down their concentration gradient. - ANSWER Chemiosmosis Uses the process of chemiosmosis to transport H ions through it and produce ATP by oxygen accepting the H ions to make H2O - ANSWER ATP Synthase