NU 216 Exam 4 Questions with Correct Answer

NU 216 Exam 4 Questions with Correct Answer Disorders associated with pituitary gland (2) - Answer-1. Diabetes insipidus 2. Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Disorders associated with thyroid gland (2) - Answer-1. Hyperthyroidism 2. Hypothyroidism Disorders associated with parathyroid gland - Answer-1. Hyperparathyroidism 2. Hypoparathyroidism Disorders associated with adrenal glands (2) - Answer-1. Cushing's Disease 2. Addison's Disease Role of hypothalamus in the endocrine system - Answer-Where everything starts, signals get sent down from here to pituitary Two major hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland - Answer-1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone 2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Major hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland - Answer-Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Hormone deficiency is typically associated with... - Answer-Gland destruction usually due to autoimmune, infection, or tumor Hormone excess is typically associated with... - Answer-Tumor, autoimmune, or genetic mutation Hormone resistance is typically associated with... - Answer-Genetics (lack hormone receptor) Diagnosis of endocrine disorders - Answer-1. 24 hour urine collection 2. Blood levels 3. CT scan/MRI 4. Ultrasound 5. Suppression/stimulation tests Causes of hypopituitarism - Answer-1. Adrenal insufficiency 2. Hypothyroidism 3. Diabetes insipidus Presentation of hypopituitarism - Answer--Weakness -Weight loss/gain -Hypotension -Sluggish -Depression -Excessive urination/dehydration Diagnosis of hypopituitarism - Answer--Blood tests -Corticotropin stimulation test (give ACTH) -MRI/CT Expectations of corticotropin stimulation test for hypopituitarism - Answer--Give ACTH -If cortisol levels rise with ACTH = pituitary problem -If cortisol levels don't rise with ACTH = adrenal gland problem What is diabetes insipidus? - Answer-Posterior pituitary hypopituitarism due to lack of ADH/response to ADH Presentation of diabetes insipidus - Answer--Frequent urination & thirst -Dehydration -Disorientation/seizures Expected findings when testing for diabetes insipidus - Answer--Blood test will show high osmolarity + hypernatremia -Urine osmolarity + SG will be low Treatment for diabetes insipidus - Answer-Desmopressin (DDAVP) Most common cause of hyperpituitarism - Answer-Pituitary adenoma Presentation of hyperpituitarism - Answer--Headache -Confusion -Visual changes Treatment for hyperpituitarism - Answer--Transsphenoidal surgery -Adrenal enzyme inhibitor -GH inhibitors What is syndrome of inappropriate ADH? (SIADH) - Answer-Excessive ADH What causes SIADH? - Answer--Brain injuries -Neurosurgery Presentation of SIADH - Answer-Fluid retention -- concentrated urine, dilute plasma, hypervolemia Treatment for SIADH - Answer--Fluid restriction -Slow correction of hyponatremia -ADH receptor agonists Lab value for T3 - Answer-80-220 Lab value for T4 - Answer-4-12 Lab value for TSH - Answer-0.5-5 What can an enlarged thyroid indicate? - Answer-Hypo or hyper function What is goiter? - Answer-Enlargement of the thyroid gland What can develop with goiter? - Answer--Excess TSH -Low iodine levels -Goitrogens Hashimoto's Thyroiditis - Answer-An autoimmune disorder that attacks the thyroid gland causing hypothyroidism Causes of hypothyroidism - Answer--Drugs -Genetics -Thyroiditis -Congenital hypothyroidism Presentation of hypothyroidism - Answer--Cold intolerance -Weight gain -Lethargy/fatigue -Memory deficits/poor attention span -Muscle cramps -Constipation -Decreased fertility -Puffy face -Hair loss & brittle nails Systemic effects of hypothyroidism - Answer--Hyperlipidemia -Yellow-orange skin -Anemia -Decreased filtration by kidney Primary Hypothyroidism - Answer-High TSH, low free T3 + T4