MDC2 EXAM 1 (review 1) QUESTIONS & ANSWERS RATED 100% CORRECT!!

MDC2 EXAM 1 (review 1) QUESTIONS & ANSWERS RATED 100% CORRECT!! Seven warning signs of cancer Changes in bowel/bladder habits, A sore throat that does not heal, Unusual bleeding/discharge, Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere, Indigestion or difficulty swallowing, Obvious change in wart/mole, Nagging cough/hoarseness. Initiation Change in gene expression leading to loss of cellular regulation. Excessive cell division Cancer development stages of malignancy initiation, promotion, progression, metastasis Promotion Enhanced growth of an initiated cell by substances known as promoters Promoters can be hormones, proteins (insulin and estrogen) Progression Continued change of a cancer making it more malignant over time metastasis Cancer cells move from the primary location and establish remote colonies. Cancer classification Cancers are classified by type of tissue from which the arise Solid tumors: associated with the organ where they develop Hematological cancers: Originate from blood cell-forming tissues such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myelomas Cancer prevention primary Avoidance of known/potential carcinogens Ex: Teach adults to use skin protection during sun exposure Ex: Eliminate Modifying associated factors primary Modifying behavior to reduce the associated factor can decrease the risk of CA development. Ex increased incidence of CA among adults who consume alcohol Diets high in fat and low in fibers Removal of "at-risk" tissues primary Ex: Chemoprevention Vaccination o Ex: HPV vaccine Secondary Prevention Regular screening for cancer does not reduce cancer incidence but can greatly reduce some types of CA deaths Teach all adults to participate in routine screenings Annual mammography (45-54 years of age), Biennial (55+) Annual breast exams, colonoscopy at 50, annual FOBT, Prostate screening for men 50+ Testing for gene mutations o Ex: BRCA genes Types of cancers (carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma) Types of therapy ( surgery) Can be used prophylactically or as curative Tx Used for diagnostics Ex: biopsies * Cons: loss of function and some cancer cells could escape surgery Ex: CA cells left behind or mobilized into vasculature causing metastases Types of therapy (Radiation)