Pathophysiology Exam #1 chapters 1-8- All Questions with Correct Answers

Phenotype - Answer-A phenotype is a trait we can observe. Genes carry instructions, and the result of our body following those instructions (for example, making a pigment in our eyes), is a phenotypic trait, like eye color. Sometimes a trait is the result of many different genes, like the 16 genes responsible for eye color. Genotype - Answer-An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations. inclusion bodies - Answer-Inclusion bodies are sites of viral transcription and genome replication in the cell that are readily apparent in cells by light microscopy. third spacing - Answer-Third Spacing: occurs when fluid accumulates in areas that normally have no fluid or minimal amount of fluid, such as with ascites, and edema associated with burns. Recombinant DNA technology - Answer-Recombinant DNA technology, joining together of DNA molecules from two different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry tumor staging - Answer-The assessment of the extent of tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. T M N - Answer-In the TMN system: The T refers to the size and extent of the main tumor. The main tumor is usually called the primary tumor. The M (metastasis) refers to whether the cancer has metastasized. This means that the cancer has spread from the primary tumor to other parts of the body. The N refers to the the number of nearby lymph nodes that have cancer. tumor stages - Answer-Stage I means the cancer is small and only in one area. This is also called early-stage cancer. Stage II and III mean the cancer is larger and has grown into nearby tissues or lymph nodes. Stage IV means the cancer has spread to other parts of your body. tumor grading - Answer-The grading system that's usually used is as follows: grade I - cancer cells that resemble normal cells and aren't growing rapidly. grade II - cancer cells that don't look like normal cells and are growing faster than normal cells. grade III - cancer cells that look abnormal and may grow or spread more aggressively.