week 3 patho exam 2024

week 3 patho exam 2024 A nurse in the emergency department admits a male patient who has sustained severe frostbite to his hands and toes after becoming lost on a ski slope. The nurse knows that which of the following phenomena has contributed to his tissue damage? -Answer-Decreased blood flow has induced hypoxia. Which of the following phenomena best accounts for the increased presence of leukocytes at the site of inflammation? -Answer-Endothelial cells express leukocyte adhesion molecules in response to cell injury A 68-year-old patient with aortic valve stenosis secondary to calcification of the aortic valve is admitted to the hospital. Which of the following statements best captures an aspect of this patient's condition? -Answer-The aortic valve has sustained damage as a result of calcification following valvular injury A new blood test becomes available that helps distinguish between shortness of breath with a cardiac etiology and shortness of breath with a respiratory etiology. A positive result is purported to indicate a cardiac etiology. The marketers of the test report that 99.8% of patients who have confirmed cardiac etiologies test positive. However, 5.3% of patients who do not have cardiac etiologies for their shortness of breath also test positive. Which of the following statements best characterizes this blood test? -Answer-High sensitivity; low specificity Some species of bacteria produce ________ that permit these bacteria to survive drying, lack of nutrients, and harsh conditions such as extreme heat. -Answer-endospores The human immunodeficiency virus infects and kills -Answer-helper T cells. A potential blood donor is angry at the personal nature of the questions about HIV risk factors that he is required to answer at a collection center and states that simple blood testing should suffice. How can the nurse at the center best respond? -Answer-"There's a period shortly after someone is infected with HIV when blood tests might still be negative A homeless patient is brought in to the emergency departmentwith severe hypothermia. The paramedics state that they found a "bottle of booze" on the sidewalk next to him. This puts the physician on high alert since alcohol contributes to hypothermia by -Answer-. dulling the mental awareness that impairs judgment to seek shelter. Tracking the ________ of a disease is tracking the number of new cases of a disease in a population -Answer-incidence Which of the following enzymes listed below is responsible for cancer cells' ability to avoid aging and contributes to cellular immortality that is so characteristic of this disease process - Answer-. Telomerase An occupational therapist conducts a group therapy program with older adults who have diagnoses of dementia and Alzheimer disease. The goal of the group is to slow the cognitive decline of patients by engaging them in regular, organized mental activity such as reading maps and solving puzzles. How would the program most likely be characterized? -Answer-Tertiary prevention When a disease always occurs at low levels in a population, it is said to be -Answer-endemic A 61-year-old male client is scheduled to begin chemotherapy for the treatment of his bone cancer. Which of the following medications and treatments might the man anticipate needing during and after his course of treatment? -Answer-Antiemetics and red blood cell transfusions A 77-year-old man is admitted for exacerbation of his chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and a respiratory therapist (RT) is assessing the client for the first time. Which of the following aspects of the patient's current state of health would best be characterized as a symptom rather than a sign? -Answer-The patient notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying supine. A patient has been diagnosed with genital herpes. The client states that, "modern medicine produces more and more antivirals every year, and so the treatment should be simple." Which of the following statements listed below is the best response? -Answer-Treatment options for viruses are often limited because what destroys viruses often damages your own body cells." A 14-year-old boy is participating in his school's track meet; the outdoor temperature is 99°F, and a coach has found the boy sitting restless in the shade and disoriented to time. The coach notes that the student has dry skin in spite of the high temperature. The coach calls for the school nurse, who will recognize which of the following potential diagnoses and anticipated hospital treatments? -Answer-Heat stroke, likely treated with submersion in cold water Which target of both chemotherapy and radiation accounts for the adverse as well as therapeutic effects? -Answer-Cell proliferation processes All antiretroviral medications interfere with some stage of the HIV life cycle. What stage do protease inhibitors prevent? -Answer-Cleavage of the polyprotein chain into the individual proteins that will be used to make new virus Staphylococcus aureus commonly found in the skin, nares, and other body sites of patients without any signs and symptoms of infection is known as which of the following conditions? - Answer-Bacterial colonization More than 50% of all cancers involve an acquired mutation in the tumor suppressor gene - Answer-p53. A physician is teaching new medical residents on the unit about the phenomenon of muscle hypertrophy. Which of the following patients on the unit is most likely to experience muscle hypertrophy? -Answer-A patient with hypertension and obesity. A patient presented to the emergency department of the hospital with a swollen, reddened, painful leg wound and has been diagnosed with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cellulitis. The patient's physician has ordered a complete blood count and white cell differential. Which of the following blood components would the physician most likely anticipate to be elevated? -Answer-Neutrophils When counseling a male patient with suspected HIV, the nurse informs him that if the enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) comes back positive, then -Answer-a second test known as the Western blot will be ordered to confirm positive HIV status. ________ is the number of deaths that occur among people with a certain disease. -Answer- Mortality