BBE 2201 Final Exam Study Guide 2023 with complete solution

BBE 2201 Final Exam Study Guide 2023 with complete solution Slow Carbon Cycle Carbon moving through rocks, soil, the ocean, and the atmosphere over time Fast Carbon Cycle Carbon moving through life forms, i.e plants and animals True/False: Clearing forests to plant agricultural crops results in an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide True. There is a carbon equilibrium established with any land use. Where are the 9 gigatons of added carbon (by humans) in the fast carbon cycle going? Two = taken up by oceans Four = into the atmosphere Three = plants, soils & other biomass Algae and other plants play this role in the Carbon Cycle: Carbon Sink Term that describes how carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and the atmosphere of Earth: The Carbon Cycle Term that describes the amount of carbon dioxide, or equivalent greenhouse gas, caused by a person, organization, event or product: Carbon Footprint Term for Carbon created by human activity: Anthropogenic Carbon Of these three fossil fuels (natural gas, coal, petroleum), which contributes the LEAST to U.S carbon emissions? Coal Of the four sectors for carbon dioxide emissions contributors in the U.S (commercial, transportation, industrial, residential), which is the largest? Transportation Carbon dioxide accounts for ____% of U.S global warming potential 82% An LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) provides: Information to assess the environmental impact of a product of service. Four potential users of LCAs: Product Designers Consumers Academics Marketers Normalization in an LCA does what? Helps put the results in perspective in order to compare with other impacts. List the 5 stages of the LCA process map: 1. Material Extraction 2. Manufacturing the product 3. Packaging and Transportation (distribution) 4. Use 5. End of Life It is estimated that there are about 20 lbs of CO2e per gallon of milk. In contrast, Coke has a carbon footprint of about 250 g CO2e/liter (purchased in 2 liter plastic bottles). What is milk's carbon footprint in g CO2e/liter? The conversion: 20 lbs/gal x 1 gal/3.78 liters x 453 grams/lb ~~ 2110 grams/liter = 2400 grams CO2e/liter Two primary ways that humans impact the earth's energy balance: 1. Land use changes that impact average reflection/absorption 2. Increased GHG emissions What is about 15 degrees celsius? The average global temperature About how much of the sun's energy is absorbed by the earth overall? About 71% Four things that impact the earth's energy balance, causing changes in climate: 1. Concentration of GHG 2. Reflection of the earth's surfaces 3. Earth's distance from the sun 4. The sun's energy output About how much of the sun's energy is absorbed by the land? About 48% How does water vapor contribute to negative feedback? Increasing water vapor in the atmosphere results in more clouds which reflect more of the sun's energy, thus reducing global temperatures How is water vapor seen as positive feedback? Increasing global temperatures by trapping heat Why is water vapor the most prevalent GHG? It absorbs infrared radiation What are the two ways changes in land use impact climate change? 1. Energy reflection or absorption 2. Increase in GHG emissions Which is FALSE about the Milankovich Cycles: 1. Discovered around 1995 2. Are related to Earth's orbit 3. Occur in 100,000 year cycles 4. Responsible for some natural climate change 1. Were actually discovered around 1909 So if the past concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was about 280 ppm and the current concentration is about 400 ppm, what % increase in concentration is this? 400-280 = 120 (this is the change) The original concentration was 280 ppm so the % change is: (120/280) x 100 = 43% Top three oil producing states in the U.S: Texas, North Dakota, California What is distillation? The process of heating and re-cooling vapors to collect as products (distillates) to refine petroleum If a 24-inch diameter pipeline can transport about 750,000 barrels per day, what is the % of our total consumption that is supplied by this single pipeline? 750,000/19,900,000 x 100 = 3.8% A 24 inch pipeline seems pretty big but it is only pumping about 3.8% of the oil needed. Which mode of transporting petroleum or petroleum products resulted in the most oil spilled per billion-ton-miles traveled in the years ? Tanker trucks How large is the U.S proven oil reserve (in barrels)? 39 billion barrels What is EOR and its three processes? Enhanced Oil Recovery. It involves making abandoned oil wells productive by injecting CO2 to reduce the viscosity. 1. Chemical injection 2. Gas injection 3. Thermal injection You drive about 55 miles per day. Your gasoline powered car gets 25 miles per gallon. About how many MMBTU's (Million Btu's) of energy are you using per year by driving my car? (Use gasoline energy density of 125,000 BTU/gallon). 55 miles/day x 365 days/year x 1 gal/25 miles x 125,000 BTU/gal = 100,375,000 BTU/yr or about 100 MMBTU/year True/False: Fewer quick starts and stops while driving a vehicle can improve fuel efficiency? True What is the energy required per mile (BTU/mile) for an electric vehicle getting 3.0 miles/kWh? Use the direct conversion of 3,412 BTU/kWh. 1 kWh/3.0 miles x 3412 BTU/1 kWh = 1137 BTU/mile What are two things that make gasoline an ideal fuel? 1. Easy to transport and use in engines as a liquid 2. Has a high energy density Three ways that transportation can impact energy use and GHG emissions, and their definitions: