MDC 2 Exam 1 (Knight-Rasmussen) Questions And Answers Solved 100% Correct!!

MDC 2 Exam 1 (Knight-Rasmussen) Questions And Answers Solved 100% Correct!! What are the stages of cell growth in cancer development? 1. Initiation 2. Promotion 3. Progression 4. Metastasis What happens during Initiation phase during cancer cell growth? normal cells become damaged and leads to development of cancer (Malignant Transformation) this is irreversible What happens during the promotion stage during cancer cell growth? -repeat exposure to carcinogen enhances cell growth which leads to mutation -enhanced cell growth of cells by promotors (like hormones primarily estrogen) -period between initiation and growth into a tumor is called a latency period What happens during the progression stage of cancer cell growth? -An increase in the production of malignant cells -after a tumor reach 1 cm, it already has 1 billion cells -when it builds its own blood supply it becomes a health problem What happens during the Metastasis stage of cancer cell growth? -movement of cells from the primary site and establishing remote colonies Malignant vs. Benign Malignant -Anaplasia-loss of appearance of parent cell -A larger nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ration -Specific functions are lost-serve NO purpose -Loose adherence-loosely bound due to the lack fo fibronectin production -migration-spreads easily (metastasis) -Contact inhibition does not occurs -Rapid or continuous cell division -Aneuploidy: Abnormal Chromosomes Benign (SASTNOE) -specific morphology -a smaller nuclear-to-cytoplasm ration -specific differentiated function -Tight adherence, bind closely together due to production of fibronectin -No migration -Orderly growth -Euploidy: Normal chromosomes per cell Which cancers arise from blood? Leukemias Which cancers affect the lymph? Lymphomas Which cancers originate in the epithelial cells and are likely to metastasize? Carcinomas Which cancers originate in the soft tissues like bone, muscles, blood vessels, and connecting tissues? Sarcomas Signs & Symptoms of cancer C-change in bowel or bladder habits A-a sore that does not heal U-unusual bleeding or discharge T-Thickening or lump in breast/elsewhere I-indigestion or difficulty swallowing O-obvious change in wart or mole N-nagging cough or hoarseness Staging of Cancer The exact location of the tumor is designated by T, N, or M. T meaning tumor, N meaning lymph node involvement, and M equaling Metastasis Cancer Prevention healthy lifestyle, early detection, know your genetic risks If you have a PT who has a family hx of colon cancer, what would you recommend? colonoscopy (secondary prevention) primary prevention of cancer smoking cessation vaccinations removal of at-risk tissue use of sunscreen using PPE in workplace reducing alcohol modifying diet chemoprevention secondary prevention cancer screenings (mammogram, colonoscopy) genetic testing Risk factors of cancer -smoking -consuming carcinogens: flavorings, red meats, nitrites, diets low in fiber -poor immunity -radiation -hormone drugs -alcohol -improper sun protection -Age What is the single most important risk factor for cancer? Age PT teaching to prevent cancer -maintain a healthy lifestyle -reduce exposure to cancer-causing substances -have routine screenings -be compliant with medication -vaccinations -eat more cruciferous veggies: broccoli, cauliflower, brussels, cabbage -limit alcohol consumption to no more than one or two drinks per day -minimize red meat intake -increase Vitamins A & C intake Types of treatment for cancer Chemo Radiation Surgery Prophylactic Surgery removal of suspected cancerous tissue Ex: removing a benign polyp from the colon before it can develop Diagnostic Surgery Biopsy/removal of all or part of a suspected lesion for examination and testing to confirm or rule out a cancer dx Curative Surgery removes all cancer tissue Ex: lobectomy Palliative Surgery focuses on providing symptom relief and improving quality of life but is not curative PT Teaching for post-surgical cancer patients -nutritional support -discharge teaching -radiation is preferred over chemotherapy -stress importance of performing exercises to regain as much function as possible and prevent complications reinforcing the importance of early mobility, pain management, and prevention of infection---(pneumonia-use incentive spirometer) Radiation Dose vs. Radiation Exposure Radiation dose: amount of radiation absorbed by the tissue Radiation Exposure: amount of radiation delivered *Radiation dose is always less than the exposure because some energy is lost as it travels to the destination* Side Effects of Radiation -radiation dermatitis -hair loss -cerebral edema -altered sense of taste -bone marrow suppression -radiation burns Radiation Teaching