Pathophysiology Exam 1-UT Tyler Questions and Answers 2024

Define Idiopathic. - Cause of disease is unknown Define Iatrogenic. - Due to complication, error, treatment, or procedure Subclinical State - Pathological changes occur, no obvious manifestations Prodromal Period - Signs are non-specific Two Basic Cell Types - Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes This cell is single-celled without nucleus or membrane organelles, reproduce by binary fission, and bacteria are considered this cell type. - Prokaryotes This cell type is either single or multi-celled, can reproduce by meiosis or mitosis, and have a cell nucleus within containing its DNA and outer membrane. - Eukaryotes What do Ribosomes do? - Make protein from encoded DNA instructions What are Ribosomes made of? - RNA and proteins This organelle is known as the production factory (makes proteins and lipids). It is a system of membraneous channels and vesicles, and is an internal delivery system of the cell. - Endoplasmic Reticulum This organelle houses energy in the form of ATP. - Mitochondria Nutrients are transformed into energy by the mitochondria through the process of - Oxidative phosphorylation Cells communicate information LOCALLY by - Paracrine and neurotransmitters Cells communicate information to DISTANT sites by - Hormones and Neurohormones Cells communicate information INTERNALLY by - Autocrines Damage to cell membrane, reduced levels of ATP, changes in metabolic processes, and changes in pH are all known as. - Cellular Adaptations What two cellular changes are known to be normal alterations? - Hypertrophy and Atrophy What cellular change is known to be disease-related? - Ischemia or cellular hypoxia Ischemia or cellular hypoxia is a result of what factor? - Decreased oxygen This is known as 'programmed cell death' and is associated with aging. - Apoptosis This condition is due to ischemia or reduced blood supply to the tissue and is the most common cause of cell injury. - Hypoxia This term is known as the death of a group of cells. - Necrosis This term refers to the are of dead cells due to lack of oxygen. - Infarction Water and solutes move from area of high to low concentration (blood to interstitial fluid). - Diffusion Water from low concentration to higher concentration (ISF to blood). - Osmosis Responses to low fluid volume are controlled by receptors in the hypothalamus. These are also known as: - Osmoreceptors When ADH is found in the body in abundance it is to result in: - Less water loss and deceased urine output When ADH is found in the body in low volumes it is to result in: - More water loss and increased urine output Aldosterone is a hormone that is known to indirectly control fluids by the movement of sodium. More of this hormone causes: - Increased reabsorption of Na+ Aldosterone is a hormone that is known to indirectly control fluids by the movement of sodium. Less of this hormone causes: - Decreased reabsorption of Na+ This protein looks like a bunch of grapes and maintains intravascular oncotic pressure. - Albumin Increased ADH, the RAAS system is activated, peripheral vasoconstriction, increased HR, water retention, and increased thirst. These compensation mechanisms are activated when the body is in this state: - Fluid Deficit What is the normal serum level for sodium? (mEq/L) - 135-145 This cation is known for its generation and conduction of nerve impulses. - Na+ Low Sodium is also known as? - Hyponatremia