Pathophysiology final Exam study guide
2024 update(You got this!!)
Cellular Adaptation cells adapt to changes in the internal environment -> an adapted cell is
neither normal or injured
atrophy decrease in cell size (the wasting away of muscle)
- decrease workload and hormonal stimulation
- disease and nutritional deficiency
hypertrophy/hyperplasia Increase in size and number of cells as well as size of organs
- adaptive response to increased workload
1. physiologic- an increase in cell size and number due to unfavorable stimuli
2. pathologic- due to abnormal stressor -> enlarged heat
3. competency- increase in size or function of organ or body part when called to additional work
Metaplasia Change in cell from one type to another that may be normal or abnormal ->
occurs in response to continued irritation or injury
Dysplasia derangement in cell growth -> results in cells that differ in shape, size, and
appearance (cancerous)
Signs objectively observed indicators of a disorder
Symptoms subjective feelings, what the patient says
syndrome S/S that occur together due to certain condition
manifestations signs and symptoms of disease
stress responsea generalized or systemic response to a change (internal or external)
Homeostasis body's compensation to minor changes in needs or environment
,Stressors factors that creates significant change in the body function
Severe or prolonged stress can cause dysfunction: 1. Increased wear and tear on tissues
2. Exhaustion of resources
3. Exacerbation of chronic conditions
effects of stress response - Increased HR and BP
- Increase bronchodilation and ventilation
- Increased blood glucose levels
- Arousal of the CNS
- Decreased inflammatory and immune response
Stress and Disease: Specific Problems 1. Headache- May develop during or after stress
response
2. Stomatitis (ulcers in the mouth) & necrotizing periodontal disease
3. Prolonged vasoconstriction- Can impair function or necrosis in gastrointestinal tract or
kidneys
4. Precipitating factor- Chronic infections caused by physical &/or emotional distress
- renal failure
- stress ulcers
- infection
renal failure prolonged severe vasoconstriction, ischemia causes cell damage
stress ulcers vasoconstriction and glucocorticoids, decrease in mucosal regeneration and
mucus production
infection decrease in the inflammatory and immune response
- slowed healing/PTSD
First line of defense skin and mucous membranes and their secretions
second line of defenseInflammatory response -> phagocytic WBCs engulf and destroy bacteria,
cell debris or foreign matter
third line of defense Immune Response (B cells and T cells)
mortality death rate as a result of a particular disease
- high mortality = high number of people who died as a result of disease
mobidity indicates disease rates within a group
, -this terms is sometime used to indicate function impairment that certain conditions such as
stroke cause
- high morbidity = high number of infections
Etiology concerns the causative factors in a particular disease
idiopathic cause of disease is unknown
iatrogenic treatment, procedure, or error causes disease
natural history (etiology) progressive and expected outcome of disease
predisposing factors tendencies and factors that promote development of a disease in individual
prophylaxis a measure designed to preserve health and prevent the spread of disease
prevention of disease is closely linked to __________________ and ____________________
factors for a specific disease etiology and predisposing
prognosis the likely course of a disease or ailment without intervention
pathogenesis refers to the development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in the
tissue changes related to the specific disease process
onset manner of acquisition of disease
acute disease symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time
chronic disease a disease that develops gradually and continues over a long period of time
subclinical disease pathological changes as a result of disease occur but patient exhibits no
manifestation
latent disease "silent" stage of disease -> no clinical signs are evident
primary prevention goal is too protect healthy person from developing disease or experiencing
an injury in the first place (immunizations)
secondary prevention Interventions happen after an illness or serious risk factors have been
diagnosed (wound care)
tertiary prevention this phase focuses on helping people manage complicated, long-term
health problems (hospice)
diagnosis identification of a disease
2024 update(You got this!!)
Cellular Adaptation cells adapt to changes in the internal environment -> an adapted cell is
neither normal or injured
atrophy decrease in cell size (the wasting away of muscle)
- decrease workload and hormonal stimulation
- disease and nutritional deficiency
hypertrophy/hyperplasia Increase in size and number of cells as well as size of organs
- adaptive response to increased workload
1. physiologic- an increase in cell size and number due to unfavorable stimuli
2. pathologic- due to abnormal stressor -> enlarged heat
3. competency- increase in size or function of organ or body part when called to additional work
Metaplasia Change in cell from one type to another that may be normal or abnormal ->
occurs in response to continued irritation or injury
Dysplasia derangement in cell growth -> results in cells that differ in shape, size, and
appearance (cancerous)
Signs objectively observed indicators of a disorder
Symptoms subjective feelings, what the patient says
syndrome S/S that occur together due to certain condition
manifestations signs and symptoms of disease
stress responsea generalized or systemic response to a change (internal or external)
Homeostasis body's compensation to minor changes in needs or environment
,Stressors factors that creates significant change in the body function
Severe or prolonged stress can cause dysfunction: 1. Increased wear and tear on tissues
2. Exhaustion of resources
3. Exacerbation of chronic conditions
effects of stress response - Increased HR and BP
- Increase bronchodilation and ventilation
- Increased blood glucose levels
- Arousal of the CNS
- Decreased inflammatory and immune response
Stress and Disease: Specific Problems 1. Headache- May develop during or after stress
response
2. Stomatitis (ulcers in the mouth) & necrotizing periodontal disease
3. Prolonged vasoconstriction- Can impair function or necrosis in gastrointestinal tract or
kidneys
4. Precipitating factor- Chronic infections caused by physical &/or emotional distress
- renal failure
- stress ulcers
- infection
renal failure prolonged severe vasoconstriction, ischemia causes cell damage
stress ulcers vasoconstriction and glucocorticoids, decrease in mucosal regeneration and
mucus production
infection decrease in the inflammatory and immune response
- slowed healing/PTSD
First line of defense skin and mucous membranes and their secretions
second line of defenseInflammatory response -> phagocytic WBCs engulf and destroy bacteria,
cell debris or foreign matter
third line of defense Immune Response (B cells and T cells)
mortality death rate as a result of a particular disease
- high mortality = high number of people who died as a result of disease
mobidity indicates disease rates within a group
, -this terms is sometime used to indicate function impairment that certain conditions such as
stroke cause
- high morbidity = high number of infections
Etiology concerns the causative factors in a particular disease
idiopathic cause of disease is unknown
iatrogenic treatment, procedure, or error causes disease
natural history (etiology) progressive and expected outcome of disease
predisposing factors tendencies and factors that promote development of a disease in individual
prophylaxis a measure designed to preserve health and prevent the spread of disease
prevention of disease is closely linked to __________________ and ____________________
factors for a specific disease etiology and predisposing
prognosis the likely course of a disease or ailment without intervention
pathogenesis refers to the development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in the
tissue changes related to the specific disease process
onset manner of acquisition of disease
acute disease symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time
chronic disease a disease that develops gradually and continues over a long period of time
subclinical disease pathological changes as a result of disease occur but patient exhibits no
manifestation
latent disease "silent" stage of disease -> no clinical signs are evident
primary prevention goal is too protect healthy person from developing disease or experiencing
an injury in the first place (immunizations)
secondary prevention Interventions happen after an illness or serious risk factors have been
diagnosed (wound care)
tertiary prevention this phase focuses on helping people manage complicated, long-term
health problems (hospice)
diagnosis identification of a disease
