NCE Counseling Study Notes

NCE Counseling Study Notes Primal Scene - a psychoanalytic concept that suggests that a young child witnesses his parents have sex Animism/ Animistic - When a child acts as if nonliving objects have life like abilities and tendencies Father of analytic psychology - Carl G. Jung Konrad Lorenz - Best known for imprinting studies (an instinctual behavior when the goslings animals follows the first moving object - typically the mother); he had the animals imprint to him; believed that ppl were aggressive by nature Comparative psychology - refers to laboratory research using animals and attempts to generalize the findings to humans (related to ethology-field research utilizing animal) Fixation (meaning in relation to developmental stages) - implies the indv. is unable to go from one developmental stage to the next; person becomes fixated or stuck in a stage that they feel safe Object permanence - knowing that an item still exist even when it is out of sight; This occurs during the sensorimotor stage (Piaget concept) Senile psychosis - psychosis (a break from reality which can include hallucination, delusions, and thought disorders) Senile psychosis (a condition that brought on by old age; where a person may lose their memory) Play therapy and art therapy are preferred to traditional counseling and therapy because cultural differences have less impact on these types of intervention. TRUE or FALSE - TRUE Harry Harlow - Known for work with the rhesus monkeys; maternal deprivation Albert Ellis - developed Rational-Emotive behavior Therapy (REBT) teaches clients to think in a more scientific and logical manner; believes frustration doesn't cause aggression - however irrational thoughts that it does can cause the behavior Learned helplessness - a pattern in which a person is exposed to situations that he or she is truly powerless to change and then begins to believe he or she has no control over the environment macroculture/ majority culture - refers to the dominant culture or the culture that is accepted by the majority of citizens in a given society Cultural relativity/ relativism - connotes that a behavior cannot be assessed as good or bad except within the context of that culture culture epoch theory - all cultures like children, pass through the same stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing national culture - used to describe the cultural patterns common to a given country Freud and group psychology - 1921 book "Group Psychology and analysis of the ego" - group was held together by a bond b/w the leader and the group members Eric Berne - Father of Transactional analysis; Emile Durkheim - Founder of modern sociology; worked heavily with suicide; William McDougall - Father of "Hormic Psychology"; a Darwinian viewpoint that suggests that indv. in or out of groups are driven by innate, inherited tendencies; big w/ social psychology Freud (general beliefs) - Man is driven by instincts of sex and aggression Albert Bandura was a ___ type of therapist and did what type of experiment? - Behaviorist Experiment: Children who viewed live or filmed aggression imitated the behavior; Social learning theory- aggressive behavior is learned Children learned vicariously Daniel Levinson - worked a lot research about mid-life crises; men mid-life crisis 40-45/ women 35-40 Early adult transition= 17-22; indv makes decisions ab. college and breaking away from family Age 30 transition = 28-33 ideal adult life dream try to make a reality Midlife transition= 40-45; stressful period (women enter stage 5 yrs earlier); did dreams become reality Age 50 transition Later adulthood= 60-65 makes peace with world Close proximity, physical attraction, similar beliefs influence interpersonal attraction? T or F - True Proxemics - study of proximity; relates to personal space, interpersonal distance, and territoriality; Leon Festinger - friendship and attraction highest among apt. neighbors Propinquity - tendency for ppl who are in close proximity to be attracted to each other; name by social psychologist Contextualism - Behaviors must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs Criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development - It was more applicable to males - Carol Gilligan Arthur Jensen IQ testing - Tried to prove that blacks had lower IQs due to genetic factors The civil rights act 1964 - helped change the ACA and pushed counseling to be more multicultural/ intercultural (means the same thing) Prognosis - probability that one can recover from a condition Dollard/ Miller hypothesis - frustration leads to aggression Balance theory = Leon Festinger's coginitive dissonance theory - ppl strive for consistency/ balance in terms of their belief system; social psychology theory; indv. try to reduce cognitive dissonance/ inconsistent or incompatible actions and beliefs Mos (plural - mores) - group rules for what is good or bad for the welfare of the people; if broken can result in the harm of another; behaviors based of morals Folkways - describe correct, normal, or habitual behavior; if broken can just embarrass the person who broke it Frank Parsons - Father of Guidance; first to focus heavily on sociocultural issues Ecological culture - cultural norms are often the result of practical and survival behaviors related to the climate or the resources in a given physical or geological environment Ethnocentrism - using one's own culture to measure/ judge others; one culture is superior Acculturation - ethnic and racial minorities integrate or adopt cultural beliefs and customs from the majority or dominant culture Assimilation - when a indv. has such a high level of acculturation that he or she becomes part of the dominant, macro, or majority culture Modal personality - the personality that is characteristic or typical of the group in question Social exchange theory - rewards we like and cost we don't like; positive relationship is characterized by "profit"; a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs Stimulus generalization (same as irradiation) - Also called second order conditioning; occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS (the bell) produces the same reaction Another term for conditioned stimulus - neutral stimulus Experimental neurosis - When the differentiation process becomes too tough because the stimuli are almost identical | this happens during classical conditioning (UCS, CS, .. . ) John B. Watson - The little Albert experiment demonstrated that fears are learned, conditioned to fear a furry white animal then generalized it to meaning anything white and fuzzy Extinction - when the conditioned stimulus is not reinforced by the unconditioned stimulus; taking away the meat after ringing the bell. . the salivation will eventually stop B. F Skinner (behaviorist) - Operant conditioning; it means roughly changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response; Positive reinforcement, (-) reinforcement, etc Ivan Pavlov (behaviorist) - Classical conditioning (later developed by John Watson) involves learning to associate an unconditioned stimulus that already brings about a particular response (i.e. a reflex) with a new (conditioned) stimulus, so that the new stimulus brings about the same response. -The unconditioned stimulus (or UCS) is the object or event that originally produces the reflexive / natural response. -The response to this is called the unconditioned response (or UCR). The neutral stimulus