NCE/LPC Exam with Absolute Solution

NCE/LPC Exam with Absolute Solution Ego's need for immediate gratification. - Pleasure Principle The cause or ____________of abnormal behavior is difficult to determine in most cases. - Etiology An individual who is happy,autonomous, & creative has reached ______________. - Self-actualization This is necessary from parents for children to develop healthy concepts. (Rogers) - Unconditional Positive Regard Accomplished by rewarding success of desired behavior. - Shaping Learning method involving the conditioning of new stimuli to existing responses. - Classical Conditioning A behavior modification used to establish new behavior. - reinforcement The designations "common," "personal," & "cardinal" refer to ______________. - Trait Theory Individuals are in an interactional relationship with their environment. - contextual worldview Freud believed human behavior is mainly motivated by the psychosexual energy called __________. - libido Relearning by using a particular stimulus to establish a new, more adaptive response - counter conditioning Idea that there are many different ways to interpret events, each one leading to different behaviors. - Kelly's concept of Constructive Alternativism A severe psychological disorder involving loss of contact with reality. - Psychosis Process of development and body change resulting from heredity rather than learning. - Maturation Vicarious conditioning occurs through observed________. - modeling The unpleasantness of _________motivates individuals to avoid or reduce inconsistencies in cognitive structure. - cognitive dissonance Used by individuals to maintain feelings of adequacy and self-worth rather than coping directly with a stressful situation. - defense mechanisms Used to help reduce anxiety experienced by an agoraphobic client. - systematic desensitization Skinner believes the social environment provides a variety of __________to help shape human behavior. - consequences Patterns of ____________that may be organic, psychological, or sociocultural in origin. - abnormal behavior The tendency toward subjective functioning, with the self being of greatest importance. - Jung's theory of Introversion Behavior modification programs in schools/group homes used to motivate participants. - token economy This approach to human functioning stresses the importance of each individual's perception of reality. - Phenomenological Emphasizes the importance of genetic and physical contributors to maladaptive behavior. - biological viewpoint Use of family constellation - Adler traits and values - Allport vicarious conditioning - Bandura 16 Personality Factor Questionairre - Cattell stage theory of development - Erikson Cognitive dissonance - Festinger id, ego, superego - Freud introversion-extroversion - Jung cognitive meaning making - Kegan Role Construct Repertory Test - Kelly Justice Reasoning & Moral development - Kohlberg Life Space - Lewin seven-stage ego development - Loevinger Self-actualization - Maslow Thematic apperception test - Murray Russian Psychologist - Pavlov dualism, relativism, & commitment - Perry original child psychologist - Piaget actualizing tendency - Rogers principle of reinforcement - Skinner interpersonal personality theory - Sullivan stimulus-response-consequence - Thorndike father of American behaviorism - Watson systematic desensitization - Wolpe The main factor in defining a minority. - Oppression In order to better serve Hispanic American clients, counselors should be__________& _____________. - bilingual and bicultural Counselors who do not resolve their own__________will undermine their own work with minority clients. - prejudice The "Superwoman Syndrome" is an exampe of ______. - role strain When too many demands come from various areas of a person's life this results. - role conflict Sex role ___________ is unhealthy, where ___________promotes better functioning. - stereotyping, androgyny Times of change from one role or stage to the next are referred to as ______________. - transitions ______________ or __________________makes employment, housing, medical, and other services difficult to obtain. - Discrimination against elderly, ageism This is detrimental to a counselor's work with gay men or lesbian women. - homophobia