Microbiology Exam #1 (Chapter 1,3,4,5,6) with complete solution

Microbiology Exam #1 (Chapter 1,3,4,5,6) with complete solution Microbiology - Specialized area of biology that deals with organisms ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification. Microorganisms - A living thing ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification. Classification - Orderly arrangement of organisms into groups. Nomenclature - System of assigning names. Binomial nomenclature - Two-name system of naming organisms (Latin, Greek). Two names: Genus, species. It's always underlined or italicized. Genus first letter always capitalized, species not capitalized. Once it's been mentioned, the genus name can be shortened. Acellular organisms - Viruses. Exist without a cellular structure. Cellular organisms - Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Prokaryotes - Organisms whose genetic material is not enclosed in membrane and lack specific organelles including a nucleus (bacteria). Eukaryotes - Organisms whose genetic material is enclosed in nucleus (fungi, protozoa, algae). Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes - Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells, and in addition to lacking a nucleus, they lack other complex internal compartments called organelles. All prokaryotes are microorganisms while only some eukaryotes are microorganisms (including algae, protozoa, molds and yeasts- and even anthropods). Binary fission - The way bacteria reproduce. Splitting of a parent cell into two equal parts. Mycology - The study of fungi. Phycology - The study of simple photosynthetic eukaryotes (algae) ranging from single celled forms to large seaweeds. Pathogen - Disease causing agents. Genetic engineering - Manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms. Recombinant DNA - Switch DNA from one organism to another to design new organisms. Lactic acid bacteria - Dairy products, yogurt and cheese. Curds - Solid chunks of day old milk, (fats and proteins etc. used in cheese) and whey (mostly water). A gallon of milk yields only about 1.25 pounds of cheese (weight lost is water). Whey - Liquid part of day old milk, mostly water. Rennin - Turn caseinogens to casein.