AICE PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 3 (Abnormal health and Health promotion) Questions with 100% Complete Answers, Graded to Pass

Schizophrenia - positive symptoms - delusional thinking - hallucinations negative symptoms - memory loss - lack of motivation or action Delusional Disorder - - persistent delusions - BUT HAVE NORMAL BEHAVIOR - erotomanic - grandiose - jealous - persecutory EXPLANATIONS of Schizophrenia (GENETIC) - - specific genes are passed on to offspring which causes schizo disease to develop - easy to diagnose because the higher more genetic makeup the more likely the disease is passed Study : GOTTESMAN AND SHIELDS - specific genes (endophenotypes) that cause the sensory dysfunction and memory impairment symptoms - twin study (MZ and DZ twins) - 57 twins from a hospital in London - participants tested for Mz or Dz by blood and fingerprint analysis - RESULTS: 50 % of MZ twins shared schizophrenia and 9% concordance rate for DZ twins ( could have environmental factors that influenced results) EXPLANATIONS of Schizophrenia (BIOCHEMICAL) - - due to an excess amount of dopamine levels/receptors for which neurons fire too often or too much info - brain scans (PET Scans) of deceased patients with schizophrenia show high levels of dopamine EXPLANATION of Schizophrenia (COGNITIVE) - - it recognizes the biological factors that could cause schizophrenia but that it also shows that it is a FAULTY THINKING PROCESS Study: FRITH - schizophrenia is an abnormality of self- monitoring - patients fail to recognize the difference between reality and make belief - asked schizophrenia patients to tell him if the items read aloud were dictated by him, a computer, or themselves. TREATMENTS of Schizophrenia (BIOCHEMICAL) - - anti psychotics (chloropromazine) : block dopamine and serotonin receptors - atypical anti psychotics Study: Anti psychotics - double blind placebo controlled experiment - 50% of those that had medication showed improvement in 4 to 6 weeks BUT - bad side effects like tardive dykenesia (TD) and drowsiness - high relapse rates Atypical anti psychotics - has side effects weight gain but not the more serious side effects of the first generation psychotics TREATMENT of Schizophrenia (ECT) - - electric shock in order to induce seizures BUT - causes bad side effects like memory loss and heart and brain damage TREATMENT of Schizophrenia (TOKEN ECONOMY) - - symptoms of the disorder occur as a learned response - desirable behaviors can be reinforced through the use of an award Study: PAUL AND LENTZ - effectiveness of operant conditioning to reinforce appropriate behavior - 84 participants - independent measures design to compare milieu therapy and token economy - rewarded with clothes, TV use, sweets, or cigs for appropriate behavior like self-care - questionaires and interviews - 97% of the participants under token economy were able to live on their own TREATMENT of Schizophrenia (CBT) - - incorporates principles of both the cognitive and behaviorist approaches - a talking therapy designed to help people recognize thoughts Study SENSKY - 90 patients aged 16-60 - an average 19 sessions CHARACTERISTICS of Mood disorders (ABNORMAL AFFECT) - - abnormal affect: emotions are amplified, beyond normal behavior, for long periods of time (not able to function adequately/normally) CHARACTERISTICS of Mood Disorders (TYPES) - Types: Unipolar - sadness or hopelessness for most of the day for most days Symptoms - changes in mood : long periods of sadness and loss of interest - changes in behavior : fatigue, finding it difficult to make decisions - change in appetite - struggle to concentrate Bipolar - swing between depressive and manic symptoms Symptoms - changes in mood: long period of euphoria, rage - changes in behavior: becoming easily distracted, sleeping less, risky behavior MEASURES of Mood Disorders (BECK) - Beck Depression Inventory - 21 item self report - assesses attitudes and symptoms of depression - determined severity of depression by number scale EXPLANATIONS of Mood Disorders (BIOLOGICAL) - Biological: Genetic and biochemical - Depression is genetically passed on by generations. Study: (Oruc) - 42 participants aged 31-70 with bipolar - 40 control participants - croatia - 16 out of 42 had at least one parent (first degree relative) with mental disorder like bipolar - RESULT: polymorphisms (a variation in genes) in serotonin receptors are responsible for the increased risk of developing bipolar in females only EXPLANATIONS of Mood Disorders (COGNITIVE) - Cognitive - underlying faulty thinking process Study: (Beck) - underlying process of incorrect i formation processing *(cognitive distortion) - CD is an automatic process that develops as a result of previous experiences through developing schemes that create negative bias towards new events - neg views about world neg views about the future neg views about self EXPLANATIONS of Mood Disorders (LEARNED HELPLESSNESS and ATTRIBUTIONAL STYLE) - Learned Helplessness and Attribution Style - * depression is a direct result of a real or perceived lack of control over the outcomes of ones situation - learned helplessness is a behavior that occurs as a result of a person having to endure an unpleasant situation - attributional style is the cog. process by which people explain the causes of their behavior and events Study: Seligman - Seligman said that Attri. Style can predict depressive symptoms - 39 patients with unipolar and 12 patients with bipolar - outpatient clinic and mean 36 age - control group were 10 patients not from a clinic - completed the Attributional Style Questionaire (12 hypothetical good and bad events) - participants had to rate the events on a 7 point scale - RESULTS: the bipolar and unipolar patients scored with negative attributional styles and were more pessimistic TREATMENTS of Mood Disorders (BIOCHEMICAL) - Biochemical: (MAOIs and SSRIs)