NURS 6531 Final exam 2022 with complete solution.

80% of acute pyelonephritis cases in women are caused by what pathogen? - E coli A fasting blood glucose level of 130 mg/dL indicates: - Diabetes A patient presents with arcus cornea, LDL 285, TG 110, HDL 45, and father died of an MI at age 45. What is his most likely diagnosis? - Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia Aside from potassium chloride as a supplement, what can be used to treat hypokalemia? - Magnesium Characteristics of Grave's disease - Ophthalmopathy (lid retraction, scleral show, proptosis) and hyperthyroidism CKD Stage 1 - GFR 90 with evidence of renal damage, as indicated by proteinuria. CKD Stage 2 - GFR 60-89 CKD Stage 3a - GFR 45-59 CKD Stage 3b - GFR 30-44 Clinical signs of PCOS - oligomenorrhea, infertility, hirsutism, obesity, and 2/3 Rotterdam criteria: oligo-ovulation or anovulation clinic of biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism polycystic ovaries on US Clinical signs/symptoms of uremic pericarditis - worsening anemia, absence of diffuse ST-segment T-wave elevations, fever, pleuritic chest pain, pain that increases in recumbent position. Hemodialysis treatment should be heparin free. Common secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome - lupus and diabetes Define the acronym MUDPILES - Acronym for identifying a high anion gap metabolic acidosis: Methanol Uremia Diabetic ketoacidosis Paraldehyde Iron, isoniazid Lactate Ethanol, ethylene glycol Salicylates Diabetes insipidus is associated with what sodium level? - Hypernatremia Features of hypercalcemia include? - "Stones, groans, moans, and bones." Delerium and renal stones First-line evaluation of vulvovaginal candidiasis - wet mount For a patient who is lethargic and hyperkalemic, what is the first line therapy? - Calcium gluconate or calcium chloride How would you determine the cause of a patient's AKI who presents with decreased urine output, history of neurogenic bladder, chronic foley, dark urine, and Cr increase from 1.3 to 2.1 over 3 months? - Flush the foley catheter to see if urine comes out and assess the patency of the catheter. This action will unblock clogged sediment or biofilm from chronic bacteriuria. Hyperkalemia is associated with what cardiac abnormalities? - peaked T-waves, wide QRS, and ventricular arrhythmias. Initial treatment for Goodpasture's syndrome? - Hospitalization, pulse dose of steroids, begin plasmapheresis and cyclophosphamide therapy. Manifestations of Conn syndrome (hyperaldosteronism)? - hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and hypertension Manifestations of Cushing syndrome? - hypertension, truncal obesity, osteoporosis, skin fragility, and hyperglycemia.