FNDH 400 Exam 1

Carbohydrates are made of - correct answer Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Proteins are made of - correct answer Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Lipids include - correct answer fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids Lipids are made of - correct answer Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Macronutrients definition - correct answer Nutrients needed in large amounts Micronutrients definition - correct answer Nutrients needed in smaller amounts but still important What are the macronutrients? - correct answer Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Water What are the micronutrients? - correct answer Vitamins and minerals What is a vitamin - correct answer COMPOUNDS essential for normal physiological processes What is a mineral - correct answer ELEMENTS essential for normal physiological processes in the body What is a calorie? - correct answer Energy needed to raise 1 g of water 1 degree C How are kcals determined - correct answer A food is put into a bomb calorimeter and the energy output is determined by the heat produced Kcal/g of the nutrients - correct answer Carbs: 4 Proteins: 4 Lipids: 9 Vitamins, Minerals, Water: 0 Alcohol: 7 (but not a nutrient) Phytochemical definition - correct answer Compounds found in plants that are believed to provide healthy benefits beyond the traditional nutrients Phytochemical found in tomatoes that is thought to decrease cancer risk (esp. prostate) - correct answer Lycopene Diets rich in _____ and ___ have been shown with a decreased rate in chronic diseases. - correct answer fruits and vegetables Zoochemicals - correct answer Compounds found in animals that are believed to provide healthy benefits beyond the traditional nutrients Compounds that are both phyto and zoochemicals - correct answer Lutein and Zeaxanthin - yellow carotenoids found in kale, spinach, and corn. or found in egg yolk Functional food defintion - correct answer A food, or food ingredient, that may provide a health benefit beyond the traditional nutrients it contains Scientific method - correct answer 3 types of studies - correct answer Cross-sectional: Present Case-control: Past Prospective cohort: future Cross-sectional study - correct answer Compare different populations at the same point in time Example of a cross-sectional study - correct answer French paradox. Despite consuming same amount of cholesterol/saturated fat france had 5x lower death rate from coronary heart disease. Led to research into resveratol (red wine) Ecologic fallacy - correct answer Believing that members of the group have characteristcs, which as individuals they do not Case control study - correct answer Look at a group of cases vs controls Retrospective Often uses food frequency questionnaires Prospective Cohort study - correct answer Initial information on a group collected (food frequency questionnaire) and then group is followed over time to quantify health outcomes of the individual Framingham Heart Study - correct answer Started in 1948 Following residents to identify risk factors for heart disease Nurses Health Study - correct answer Started in 1976 Every 4 years, 122k nurses are given food frequency questionnaires Health Professionals Follow up study - correct answer Started in 1986 51K male health professionals Every 4 years, food frequency questionnaires From the Health Professionals Follow Up study, what was determined - correct answer Tomato sauce, tomatoes, pizza, and strawberries had decreased incidence of prostate cancer What did the foods have in common from the Health Professionals Follow Up Study? - correct answer Tomato -- Lycopene Strawberries -- Anthocyanins In vitro research - correct answer Simplest form of nutrition research Means "within glass" Cell culture In vivo research - correct answer Animal study often mice and Rats Pros/Cons of in vivo research - correct answer Pros Can do tests that are considered unethical for humans Knows exactly what subject eats Expert reporting Cons Animal metabolism/physiology is different Clinical trial - correct answer Scientifically controlled study using consenting people to find the safety and effectiveness of different items/regimens Gold standard A p-value of less than ___ is used to indicate statistical significance. Meaning that... - correct answer .05 5% of the time the results are accidental or not true