AMEDD Anatomy and Physiology Course Questions and Answers Already Passed

AMEDD Anatomy and Physiology Course Questions and Answers Already Passed Anatomy can be defined as the study of which of the following? Parts of the body Which of the following correctly describes the anatomical position of the human body? Head is level, eyes directed anteriorly; feet flat on the floor and parallel; toes pointed anteriorly; upper limbs at sides of the body with palms facing anteriorly. Homeostasis is the ___1__ of the body's internal environment. The nervous system uses electrical signals called___2____ to transmit instructions that help bring back equilibrium. The endocrine system does the same by using glands to send out molecular messengers known as ____3___. The nervous and endocrine system maintain homeostasis by triggering ___4___. 1. equilibrium 2. nerve impulses 3. hormones 4. feedback systems Which of the following components of a feedback system receives information regarding a desired response? Effector A positive feedback system does which of the following? Strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition In a negative feedback system in which high blood pressure is detected and reduced to restore homeostasis, which of the following steps represents the action of effectors? Heart rate slows and blood vessels dilate, decreasing blood pressure. Chemical Level Includes atoms and molecules cellular level includes cells, which are composed of chemicals and molecules tissue level includes groups of cells and the material surrounding them organ level composed of two or more different types of tissues system level includes related organs with a common function organism level complete organism including all levels In order from smallest to largest chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism a human stomach is an example of which of the following structural levels of organization organ Which of the following major chemical elements makes up most of the total human body mass? Oxygen Which of the following is one of the body's trace elements Nitrogen Which of the four major chemical elements in the body forms backbone chains and rings of all organic molecules Carbon What is the property of water that is described as the uneven sharing of valence electrons, which confers a partial negative charge near the one oxygen atom and two partial positive charges near the two hydrogen atoms in the molecule polarity What property of water makes it an ideal medium for metabolic reactions since it dissolves so many different substances? solvent What do enzymes do in the human body to speed up chemical reactions Increase the activation energy need for reaction What are the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of a chemical element such as oxygen atoms Which of the cells main parts is a large organelle that houses most of the cells deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Endoplasmic reticulum What organelles produce most of the energy needed for cellular function mitochondria What structure within a cell allows the selective transport of large molecules such as proteins to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm? plasma membrane what term is used to describe the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state? mitosis in what stage of the mitotic phase of cell division do the two new nuclear envelopes form around each chromatin mass and the nucleoli reappear metaphase during interphase, what takes place during the synthesis (S) stage of cell division centromeres are synthesized during cell division, in what stage of interphase does replication of most organelles and cytosolic components occur G2 (gap or growth) in what phase of the mitotic stage of cell division do microtubulins in the pericentriolar material start to form the mitotic spindle metaphase in the cycle of cell division there is the mitotic period and what other period prophase chemicals move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration across the plasma membrane due to which of the following mechanisms electrical gradient most integral proteins in the plasma membrane are of what type amphipathic in what specific way do phospholipid molecules orient to form the bilayer of the plasma membrane with polar heads outward the lipid bilayer of a cell is permeable more readily to what type of particles nonpolar the electrical gradient of a cells plasma membrane is created by what difference between the two sides of the plasma membrane distribution of positively and negatively charged ions what transport process uses energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (atp) to pass substances through the plasma membrane carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion in carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion, what term describes what happens when a specific solute binds to a specific carrier (integral protein) gated why is channel-mediated facilitated diffusion slower than free (simple) diffusion transport through channels requires more energy in the transport process of endocytosis, what is used to form the vesicles plasma membrane in simple diffusion, how do substances move through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane freely in channel-mediated facilitated diffusion, what term describes part of an integral protein and its function during diffusion of substances through the cells membrane concentration gradient in diffusion, how will smaller molecules behave compared to larger molecules they will diffuse more rapidly the influence of blood osmotic pressure on the water content of cells is an example of what general function of blood in the human body regulation what is a substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements a compound what do two or more atoms form when they share electrons an ion what part of a cell plays a key role in communication between cells and their external environment nucleus within a cell what is one of the functions of the cytoskeletons protein filaments provide a sturdy barrier surrounding the cytoplasm in what phase of cell division does most growth take place in a state of high metabolic activity synthesis (s) phase at the cellular level, which of the terms describes an attribute of development from a single cell to a functioning organism highly variable during the metaphase stage of cell division, what happens to the chromatid pairs identical chromosome sets at opposite poles uncoil and revert to threadlike chromatin form the permeability of the plasma membrane is of what type restrictive intracellular refers to what type of cellular fluid fluid within the cell what molecules make up about 75 percent of the cells plasma membrane carbohydrates which term describes how the sodium-potassium pump transports sodium and potassium into and out of the cell simultaneously in channel-mediated facilitated diffusion, most of the channels are of what kind sodium channels what transport process uses kinetic energy to pass substances through the plasma membrane exocytosis which of the following is one of the formed elements of blood plasma when fibrinogen is removed form blood during clotting, what blood substance remains serum white blood cells are associated with what primary function of the blood protection what type of blood cell is associated with the bloods primary function of transportation platelets blood plasma is mostly made up of what substance antibodyies endothelial cells display adhesion molecules in response to nearby injury or inflammation. What is the name for these adhesion molecules heparins an acute viral infection may cause what kind of white blood cell reaction an increase in the number of large lymphocytes how are white blood cells classified leukocyte or lymphocyte some monocytes differentiate to become fixed macrophages (they attach to tissue), and others become what kind of macrophages sticking which of the following statements describes pseudostratified columnar epithelium two layers of columnar cells are involved which of the following is one of the two main types of epithelium cuboidal which of the following statements describes simple squamous epithelium two layers of cube-shaped cells which type of fiber would be found in the extracellular matrix of blood vessel walls and lungs glandular what type of mature loose connective tissue is located in and around nearly every body structure mesenchyme what type of connective tissue consists of a dense network of collagen and elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate, a gel-like component of the ground substance cartilage what is the name for the elongated cells (fibers) that comprise muscle tissue myocytes which of the following terms describes a characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue smooth what is the main function of a neurons axon output of nerve impulses what component of nervous tissue provides support function neuroglia the epidermis of the cutaneous membrane (skin) is formed by what type of epithelium keratinized stratified squamous what structure of a mucous membrane secretes mucus goblet cells eight chemical elements constitute 3.6 percent of total body mass. what are these chemical elements called? trace chemical elements which of the following lesser chemical elements in the human body is critical to maintaining water balance? sodium after the reaction is completed and the reaction products move away from the enzyme, what happens to the enzyme? the enzyme molecules break down and are absorbed within the cell, what is one of the functions of the cytoskeleton protein filaments provide a sturdy barrier surrounding the cytoplasm what type of cell division undergoes a nuclear division called mitosis? metabolic what term is used to describe the state at which a solute moves down its concentration gradient through the plasma membrane and becomes evenly distributed in the cytosol? equilibrium what is the name of the process in which water molecules move through the plasma membrane via simple diffusion between phospholipids in the bilayer or by moving through aquaporins? osmosis in a centrifuged sample of blood, what component is seen at the top? plasma neutrophil white blood cells are active in what process whereby bacteria are ingested? phagocytosis what type of lymphocytes attack a wide variety of infectious microbes? t cells the term "cuboidal" refers to which of the two main types of epithelium? glandular the extracellular matrix of connective tissue consists of protein fibers and what other material? collagen what is the name of the immature class of cells that gives rise to mature cartilage connective tissue cells? chondoblasts the connective tissue of mucous membranes, called the lamina propria, allows what substance to enter the covering epithelial layer? serous fluid