PHARMACOLOGY NURS 251 MODULE 4 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS PORTAGE LEARNING 2023/2024 GRADED A+.

PHARMACOLOGY NURS 251 MODULE 4 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS PORTAGE LEARNING 2023/2024 GRADED A+. 2 / 4 1. Where in the body isthe pituitary gland located?: The pituitary gland islocatedin the brain near the hypothalamus. 2. Whatisthe primary substance released from the pituitary gland?: Its primaryrole is to release hormones into the body that control other glands within the endocrine system. 3. What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland called: Anterior Pituitary Gland& Posterior Pituitary Gland 4. Hormones associated with the anterior pituitary gland: -AdrenocorticotropicHormone (ACTH) -Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) -Growth Hormone (GH) -Luteinizing Hormone (LH) -Prolactin (PH) -Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), 5. Hormones associated with the posterior pituitary gland: -Antidiuretic Hor-mone (ADH) -Oxytocin 6. Uses of somatropin: used in children who are deficient in Growth Hormone topromote linear growth 7. Uses of octreotide: Used in the treatment of severe watery diarrhea caused bya slow growing tumor 8. Uses of vasopressin: used in emergency situations when blood pressure isdropping too low 9. Uses of desmopressin: used to treat certain blood disorders 10. Two common disorders associated with the thyroid gland: Hypothyroidism& Hyperthyroidism 11. Hypothyroidism symptoms: cold intolerance, unintentional weight gain, de-pression, dry brittle hair and nails, and fatigue 12. Hyperthyroidism symptoms: diarrhea, flushing, increased appetite, muscle weakness,fatigue, palpitations, irritability, nervousness, heat intolerance and alteredmenstrual flow 13. What is levothyroxine?: a synthetic thyroid hormone used in hypothyroidism 14. Levothyroxine mechanism of action and special use instructions: Essen- tially levothyroxine works in the same manner as the endogenous hormone, Thy- roxine or T4.By taking levothyroxine, the deficiency is corrected. However, it can beimpacted by food or drugs and so it is recommended to take on an empty stomach30-60 minutes prior to breakfast. 3 / 4 15. Hyperthyroidism drugs (and how they work): methimazole and propylth- iouracil (PTU) are two antithyroid drugs available that work by inhibiting the formationof the thyroid hormones. 16. Two conditionsthat can occur when there is a deficiency or excess of glu-cocorticoids released from the adrenal cortex.: Addison's disease- deficiency Cushing's syndrome- excess 17. Describe how glucocorticoids exert their anti-inflammatory effect.: Theglucocorticoids work at the cellular level to bind to receptors that either activate the production of antiinflammatory proteins or prevent proinflammatory protein production. 18. Describe the risks associated with long term use of glucocorticoids.: - Symptoms similar to Cushing's disease such as, abnormal fat deposits causing a rounded "moon face" or "buffalo hump" on their shoulders. Steroid psychosis is as-sociated with long term use.Prolonged use will result in increased gluconeogenesiswhich can lead to obesity or diabetes.It will also lead to increased protein catabolism which willshow up as muscle weakness and wasting, thinning ofskin, osteoporosis,decreased growth in children, decreased wound healing, increased infections. 19. Explain the basic mechanism of action around contraceptive medications.- : By taking an oral contraceptive, the women isintroducing exogenous estrogen andprogesterone into their body that would not normally be there. This is enough of a change to signal the inhibition of FSH and LH resulting in no ovulation as well as changes to the endometrium that prevent implantation. 20. Describe the basic pathophysiology of diabetes, specifically in the pan- creas.: Diabetes is when the pancreas no longer produces insulin or the cells in thebody stop responding to insulin or some combination of the two. 21. Hyperglycemia: higher than normal glucose level in the blood; fasting bloodglucose greater than 126mg/dl 22. Hypoglycemia: lower than normal range of