Pharmacology Nurs 251 Module 7 Exam Questions And Correct Answers Portage Learning 2023/2024 Graded A+.

PHARMACOLOGY NURS 251 MODULE 7 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS PORTAGE LEARNING 2023/2024 GRADED A+. 2 / 16 1. organs of the upper gastrointestinal tract: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stom-ach, and duodenum - work in conjunction to first digest food and then absorb the nutrients obtained fromthe digested food. 2. stomach and the upper part of the small intestines: release hormones andenzymes that help in this process. 3. When food enters the body,: the stomach is triggered to begin releasing gastricjuices such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) and an enzyme called pepsin. 4. HCl: released by parietal cells located in the stomach. Due to its acidic nature,HCl aids in the breakdown of food entering the stomach 5. Pepsin: the primary digestive enzyme found in the stomach.Pepsin isresponsiblefor the catabolism (breaking down) of proteins into polypeptides. 6. three major stimulatorsthat affect the release of gastric juices: Acetylcholine(ACh), gastrin, and histamine. 7. release of gastric juices:: First, the ingestion of food stimulates ACh to bind to itstarget receptors, stimulating the release of pepsin, gastrin, histamine, and HCl fromchief cells, G cells, enterochromaffin like (ECL) cells, and parietal cells respectively.Gastrin then binds to its target receptors on ECL and parietal cells which stimulatesthe release of more histamine and more HCl. The histamine then binds to the H2 receptors on the parietal cells which, in turn, increases the amount of HCl or gastricacid released. 8. Peptic ulcers: open soresin the mucous membranes of the mucosal lining of thestomach or duodenum. 9. Pathophysiology of peptic ulcers: The cause of peptic ulcers is not always thesame.The majority of GI ulcers are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter Pylori (H.Pylori). The bacterium is believed to enter the body through contaminated food or water.Reacting to the bacteria, an inflammatory response is initiated, which is oftenassociated with an increase in stomach acid secretions. The long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is also closely related to the incidence of peptic ulcers. NSAIDs block prostaglandins which play a role in inhibiting gastric acid secretion. In both cases, the resulting increase in stomach acid secretions places a strain onthe inner lining of the stomach until an ulcer (break or tear) appears. 3 / 16 10. Symptoms of a peptic ulcer: pain, nausea, and loss of appetite. The pain is typically described as a dull, gnawing, burning sensation similar to heartburn. Interestingly, if the ulcer is in the duodenum, food often relieves the pain, whereasif the ulcer is in the stomach, food often worsens the pain. 4 / 16 11. Peptic Ulcers treatment: If the patient has a peptic ulcer that is caused by H.Pylori, they will need to be treated with antibiotics. - The recommended antibiotics to treat H. pylori include amoxicillin, tetracycline,metronidazole, and clarithromycin. - The purpose of the Pepto-Bismol is that bismuth is thought to disrupt the bacterialcell wall and prevent further binding to the mucosa. Treatment typically lasts for 8 weeks leading to the eradication of the bacteria. triple therapy: two antibiotics in combination with bismuth salts (Pepto-Bismol orKaopectate), quadruple therapy:When a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) is added to the regimen If the ulcer was not caused by H. Pylori, treatment does not involve antibiotics butrather anti-secretory drugs. - Anti-secretory drugs are defined as drug