SPEX303 EXAM LATEST QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS

What is the focus of the paper? - ANSWER- Understand how the human body maintains itself and performs work Direct calorimetry measures energy utilisation through? - ANSWER- Heat production Indirect calorimetry measures energy utilisation through? - ANSWER- Respiratory Gas exchange What are some limitations to indirect calorimetry? - ANSWER- Dead space in tube, lag of measurements from long tube Aerobic metabolism used directly how? - ANSWER- Resynthesis of ATP Aerobic metabolism used indirectly how? - ANSWER- Replete anaerobic sources of ATP (CrP) What happens to elements of water ingested (doubly labelled water)? In what forms is it excreted? - ANSWER- Hydrogen excreted through urine Oxygen comes out mainly through CO2 Where is most nitrogen excreted from the body? - ANSWER- Urine and sweat During anaerobic metabolism, extra CO2 comes from? - ANSWER- Metabolic acidosis - more H+ produced, keeping pH around 7 (buffer system) R value representative of Carbohydrates? - ANSWER- 1.0 R value representative of Fats? - ANSWER- 0.71 R value representative of Protein? - ANSWER- 0.8 R value representative of Mixed? - ANSWER- 0.82 R value representative of Alcohol? - ANSWER- 0.67 What does Southland Cycling Study tell you about effects of exercise on body comp? - ANSWER- Exercise can be positive on maintenance of FFM Effects of Exercise on RMR - ANSWER- Increased (5-15%) with intensive exercise for 24-48hr: if exercise is repeated w/in 24-48h, remains elevated Can be as much as 400-800 kJ/day Athletes vs sedentary have as much as 5-20% greater RMR, even after adjusting for FFM Little, if any, long-lasting increase following low intensity exercise Effects of Training on Total Energy Expenditure - ANSWER- Some cross-sectional studies have shown athletes to be more energy efficient (i.e. lower energy intake/amount expended) Do endurance trained females adapt to lose less energy? - ANSWER- Some studies show endurance trained much more efficient overall than untrained. Increased efficiency of movement has been shown, but not large effect on TEE, most trained, in training use more E regardless. What influences fuel selection? - ANSWER- Energy needs (i.e. rate of ATP needed) Amounts stored in muscle, circulation Contraction (Ca++) Hormones, sympathetic NS Enzyme activities Aerobic capacity and blood flow Transporter molecules Fat Metabolism differences from CHO - ANSWER- Less ATP/sec More O2/ATP Only used aerobically Not maximised immediately Greater storage Increased w exercise duration Increased w training, at given intensity CHO Metabolism differences from Fat - ANSWER- More ATP/sec Less O2/ATP Used aerobically and anaerobically Limited glycogen stores Increased w increasing intensity Decreased w training at given intensity Fat and CHO Metabolism Similarities - ANSWER- Greater capacity with training Break down products can be metabolised in Krebs Cycle Low E state of cell enhances release from storage and oxidatio