D265 - Section 1

D265 - Section 1 premise - ANS a proposition lending credence to the conclusion ; provide a reason for thinking the conclusion is true ; made up of claims, evidence, ideas, etc. intended to support the conclusion conclusion indicators - ANS these feel conclusive and have the general sense of "I have told you some things or I am about to tell you some things, now here is what I want you to believe" -common examples: therefore, so, it follows that, hence, thus, entails that, we may conclude that, implies that, wherefore, as a result premise indicators - ANS these have the general sense of "from this fact I am going to infer something else" -common examples: because, for, given, in that, as, since, as indicated by conclusion - ANS this is the claim that the whole argument is intended to support or demonstrate or prove a, b - ANS "Since we cannot go out until the restaurant opens, and given that we are trying to save money, we should just hang out here until closer to dinner." ^Which statements are the premises of the following argument? Choose 2 answers. a) We cannot go out until the restaurant opens. b) We are trying to save money. c) We should just hang out here until closer to dinner. d) We can have a good time without spending money. a - ANS Most students in the class scored less than 70% on the exam. This means that the exam was too difficult to accurately assess student learning. Therefore, as exams are supposed to accurately assess student learning, the exam must be revised and re-administered. ^Which statement is the conclusion of the above argument? a) The exam must be revised and re-administered. b) Some students in the class scored higher than 70% on the exam. c) Exams are supposed to accurately assess student learning. d) Most students in the class scored less than 70% on the exam. a, d - ANS Which words or phrases are premise indicators? Choose 2 answers. a) In that b) Consequently c) It follows that d) Because a, c - ANS Which words or phrases are conclusion indicators? Choose 2 answers. a) As a result b) For c) Hence d) As indicated by arguments - ANS these are composed of premises and conclusions critical thinking - ANS the ability to think carefully about thinking and reasoning propositions - ANS statements that can be true or false nonpropositions - ANS statements that cannot be true or false ; you cannot disagree with them, argue about whether they are right or wrong, or question them because they are undoubtable/indubitable and would not make any sense to disagree nonpropositions - ANS not statements about fact or fiction ; they do not make a claim that can be true or false ; they exhort, command, plead/request, question, and or perform c - ANS Which sentence is a non-proposition? a) If the burglar did not go out the front door, they must have gone out a window. b) The earth is the third planet from the sun. c) Where are the keys to my car? d) Mount Everest is the tallest mountain in the world. d - ANS Did the company really close that deal? It has had a great year. Where is the president right now? Let's go ask whether the deal was closed. ^ In the above paragraph, which sentence expresses a proposition? a) Where is the president right now? b) Did the company really close that deal? c) Let's go ask whether the deal was closed. d) It has had a great year. simple propositions - ANS these have no internal logical structure ; they are simply true or false on their own -examples: --- The GDP of Canada is 1.7 trillion --- The sky is blue --- Freedom should be the highest value for its citizens --- Harry Potter wears glasses complex propositions - ANS these have in internal logical structure ; whether they are true or false depends on whether their parts are true or false -examples: --- The GPD of Canada is either 3 trillion or it is 12 trillion ^this is true whether the GPD is 3 or 12 trillion --- The sky is blue, but it does not look blue to me right now ^this is true if the sky is blue and if it doesn't look blue false (because of the way the world is, no one is an elephant) - ANS true/false proposition: I am an elephant true (complex proposition) - ANS true/false proposition: I am an elephant, or I am a human b - ANS Which sentence expresses a complex proposition? a) Birthday parties can be really fun. b) The cat ate the food, but did not like it. c) Too many employees are used to high-stress work environments in the United States. d) Why did the monkey escape, and who is responsible? c - ANS If the computer is not fixed, then the company either needs to buy a new one or will not be able to keep up productivity. ^Which of the following breaks down the complex proposition above into the simple propositions? a) If the computer is not fixed, then the company needs to buy a new one. The company will not be able to keep up productivity. b) The computer is not fixed. The company needs to buy a new computer. The company will not be able to keep up productivity. c) The computer is not fixed. The company either needs to buy a new one or will not be able to keep up productivity. d) The company does not have enough computers. a - ANS If the new employee wants to succeed, then they need to show up on time. How many times have we heard the manager complain about tardiness? Nobody likes a 7 a.m. start time, but it was in the job description. We should remind the new employee how important this is. ^Which is a simple proposition that is expressed in the above paragraph? a) The new employee wants to succeed. b) How many times have we heard the manager complain about tardiness? c) The employees look out for each other. d) If the new employee wants to succeed, then they need to show up on time. a - ANS The U.S. healthcare system is difficult to navigate, and this negatively affects many of us. Many people are unsure exactly how their health insurance coverage works and are not sure where they can go to get care. What can be done to improve this? If changes are not made soon, the problem will only get worse. ^Which is a simple proposition that is expressed in the above paragraph? a) Many people are not sure where they can go to get care. b) The U.S. healthcare system is difficult to navigate, and this negatively affects many of us. c) What can be done to improve this? d) Many people are unsure exactly how their health insurance coverage works and are not sure where they can go to get care. inference/argument - ANS any purportedly rational movement from evidence or premises to a conclusion a, c - ANS Which sentences are arguments? Choose 2 answers. a) We know the student cheated on the exam because the instructor caught the student stealing glances at their neighbor's test. b) The student only cheated on the exam because their financial aid depended on it. c) No one has ever been to the moon, so we do not know that it is not made of cheese. d) If you suspect you have been infected with rabies, then you should contact a medical professional immediately. a, b - ANS Which pairs of sentences are arguments? Choose 2 answers. a) Every time I walk by here, Chris is doing nothing. Chris must not do anything with the available time. b) We need to act now to reverse greenhouse gas emissions. If we do not, the earth will soon become inhospitable to human life. c) John Lennon was shot and killed. So were Bobby Kennedy and his brother John. d) One student cheated on the test. But it was only because the student felt ill prepared. truth - ANS a property of propositions invalid argument - ANS this structure is one where the premises do not guarantee the truth of the conclusion, but they should, given the type of argument involved -example: If it is a mathematical argument, then it's premises should guarantee its conclusion, so it is deductive. But if its premises do not, in fact, guarantee its conclusion, then it is an invalid deductive argument. valid argument - ANS this structure is where the premises guarantee the conclusion ; if the premises are true, the conclusion follows - it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false - example: If 2+2=3, and 6-3=3, then necessarily, beyond any doubt, 2+2=6-3 soundness - ANS this is about both structure and truth: you must have a good structure and true premises to make this argument unsound - ANS a _____ argument is an argument that either is invalid or has at least 1 false premise validity - ANS this is a property of an argument structure ; it means this structure is such that if the premises of any argument with this structure are true, then the conclusion of that argument must be true a - ANS Consider the following argument: Smith inspected 990 jellybeans in the jar. Each of the beans Smith inspected is red. Therefore, all 1000 of the beans in the jar are red. Which kind of argument is this? a) A strong argument b) Deductive argument c) A weak argument d) A valid argument d - ANS Some arguments are such that the premises of the argument entail its conclusion, which means that if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true. What are such arguments called? a) Inductive arguments b) Abductive arguments c) Fallacious arguments d) Valid arguments inductive - ANS In a strong _____ argument, true premises make the conclusion probably true true - ANS _____ propositions accurately represent reality sound - ANS If the deductive argument is valid and all premises are true premises then this is a _____ argument deductive - ANS In a good _____ argument structure, true premises make the conclusion necessarily true b - ANS Consider the following argument: If Jones is a baseball player, then Jones is an athlete. Jones is a baseball player. Thus, Jones is an athlete. Which kind of argument is this? a) A conditional proposition b) A valid argument c) A strong argument d) An invalid argument b - ANS In deductive reasoning, what is the difference between validity and soundness? a) Validity concerns the truth of an argument's premises, but soundness requires a high degree of probability. b) Validity only concerns the structure of an argument, but soundness requires both validity and true premises. c) Validity concerns an argument's probability, but soundness requires clearly defined terms. d) Validity concerns the inductive strength of an argument, but soundness requires both strength and plausible premises. deductive - ANS _____ argument: supposed to guarantee their conclusions inductive - ANS _____ argument: supposed to make their conclusions probable valid deductive - ANS _____ argument: if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true sound - ANS _____ argument: is valid and has true premises strong inductive - ANS _____ argument: if the premises are true, the conclusion is probably true cognet - ANS _____ argument: is strong and has true premises formal fallacy - ANS an argument with bad structure informal fallacy - ANS the structure of the argument is not an issue - there is an exception to the content of the argument antecedent, consequent - ANS in a conditional "if..., then..." statement, the part after "if" is called the _____ and the part after "then" is called the _____ modus ponens - ANS if X, then Y --- Therefore, Y modus tollens - ANS if X, then Y --- Not Y --- Therefore, not X d - ANS Which of the following is an accurate characterization of "fallacy" as that term is used in logic? a) A fallacy is a formal violation of a state law. b) A fallacy is a false claim. c) A fallacy is a deliberate attempt to deceive. d) A fallacy is a common mistake in reasoning. formal - ANS this word refers the structure of things informal fallices - ANS these have a problem with their content a, c - ANS A formal fallacy concerns _____, but an information fallacy concerns _____. 1) a) the structure of an argument b) the relation between cause and effect c) the official instructions for reasoning d) the form of language used in an argument 2) a) the rule of deductive logic in an argument b) the unofficial but acceptable ways to follow those instructions c) informational content of an argument d) the structure of an argument c - ANS A formal fallacy is a type of _____ a) good structure b) good statement c) bad argument structure d) bad statement fallacy - ANS this is a type of bad argument formal fallicies - ANS these have bad structure informal fallacies - ANS these have a problem with their content