UTMB 5355 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2023/2024 LATEST GUIDE.

UTMB 5355 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 2023/2024 LATEST GUIDE. 1. Biogenic Amine Theory linked to depression: Deficiency of neurotransmitters in brain of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin. Particularly, a decrease in receptor binding with serotonin. 2. Neurotransmitter Receptor Hypothesis linked to depression: A deficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters at neuronal synapses. 3. Antidepressants increase: Neuronal synaptic levels of monoamine neurotrans- mitters. 4. if you have more receptors than neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters do not have time to recharge thus, they do not function properly. 5. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) System Dysregulation: HPA system dysregulation with excessive glucocorticoid secretion is found in a large percentage of people suffering from major depression. 6. Patho of Alzheimer's includes - plaque formation, presence of --, with de- creased levels of -: Amyloid B, neurofibrillary tangles, acetylcholine these disrupt impulse transmission 7. neurofibrillary tangles: are a deformation of the structure that carries nutrients to neurons of the brain. 8. Decreased levels of choline acetyl transferase and acetylcholine is associ- ated with: Memory loss 9. Most common cause of dementia: Alzheimer's disease fatal 5-10 years 10. Characteristics of Alzheimer's: Loss of memory, language , inability to learn new things, dysfunction, delusions, cannot perform ADLs, majorly effects social life 11. Parkinson's Disease is: Chronic motor progressive neuro-degenerative known as a shaking palsy 12. Parkinson's disease is associated with: basal ganglia dysfunction and atro- phy of neurons in the substantia nigra that produce dopamine; 3 / 11 13. Characteristics of Parkinson's disease: Tremors at rest, rigidity, bradykinesia, muscular rigidity andpostural abnormalities. 14. 2 Main Categories of CVA: Hemorrhagic and Ischemic 15. Hemorrhagic CVA: Blood produces inflammatory reaction, swelling, displaces brain tissue and increases ICP 16. 2 types of hemorrhagic stroke: Intracerebral and subarachnoid 17. Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Blood vessel leaks directly into brain tissue 18. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, caused by trauma, aneurysm rupture presents as "worst headache of life". surgical emergency 19. Ischemic CVA: reduction in cerebral blood flow results in hypoxia and irre- versible cell death with associated cerebral edema 20. 3 types of ischemic CVA: thrombotic, embolic, hypercoagulable states. 4 / 11 21. Thrombotic: caused by atherosclerosis blocking vessels. obstruction of blood vessel due to localized occlusive process 22. Embolic: caused by blood clot, fat or air embolus traveling from distant site to brain 23. Hypercoaguable state: conditions such as sickle cell disease, polycythemia causing blood clot to form and obstruct vessel 24. Multiple sclerosis: chronic, inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS. : patho includes CNS demyelination thought to be caused by an immune reaction 25. Acetylcholine: excitatory or inhibitory, enables muscle action, learning, memo- ry- involved in memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease 26. Norepinephrine: Helps control alertness and arousal. Under supply can de- press mood. 27. Serotonin: inhibitory, involved with mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal- insuffi- cient linked to depression, involved in migraine headaches, Prozac and antidepres- sant drugs raise levels 28. Dopamine: excitatory, influences movement, learning, emotions, pleasure, de- creased levels associated with tremors in parkinson's and depression, excess linked to schizophrenia 29. GABA: major inhibitory, undersupply linked to anxiety, seizures, tremors and insomnia 30. Glutamate: A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory, oversupply can overstimulate brain producing migraines or seizures (MSG) .