PHI Final Exam Questions With Correct Answers

Philosophy - Answer Love of wisdom Metaphysics - Answer the branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles of things, including abstract concepts such as being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, time, and space. Epistemology - Answer The theory of knowledge, esp. with regard to its methods, validity, and scope. Morality - Answer o What is accepted as a norm in our society o Having a sense of right and wrong Immoral - Answer o not conforming to accepted standards of morality Non-moral - Answer o Any activity that has no moral issues put with it Amoral - Answer Without a sense of right or wrong Business - Answer Group of people working together for a common cause for a profit Organization - Answer Group of people working together for a common cause Laws - Answer Beginning point for businesses Cultural Relativism - Answer o Morality varies from one culture to another Cultural Ethical Relativism - Answer o Philosophical assertion that there is no standard of right or wrong apart from the morality of a culture o A non- consequential approach o X is morally right in a given society if X is consistent with the basic moral beliefs of a given society or group within society o Beliefs about what is right and wrong are culturally conditioned Conduct Ethics - Answer Focuses on moral reasoning Virtue Ethics - Answer Focuses on good character Consequentialist VS. Non- Consequentialist - Answer o Consequentialist moral theories see the moral rightness or wrongness of actions as a function of their results. If consequences are good the action is right; if the are bad, the action is wrong o Non- Consequentialist theories see other factors as also relevant to the determination of right and wrong Theories of Consequentialist: - Answer Egosim Utilitarianism Theories of Non-Consequentialist: - Answer Kantianism & Cultural Ethical Relativism Teleological (consequentialist) - Answer Action X is moral or good if it produces good results Deontological (non-consequentialist) - Answer Action X is moral/right/ good based on the laws and culture no the results Egosim - Answer o Enlightened self-interest o X is morally right if X is expected to have the best consequences for an identified person or group o X is right if X is expected to be in one's own best long term interest Utilitarianism - Answer o Straight-forward o Objective way of solving conflict of self-interest o X is morally right if X is expected to have the best consequences for all affected parties, where well-being in the lives in the lives of all affected parties is gen equal consideration Jeremy Benthum - Answer o Hedonistic utilitarian's o Quantitative hedonist Hedonist - Answer o Experience of pleasure has intrinsic value and is the criterion of other intrinsic values o The experience of pain has a intrinsic disvalue Quantitative Hedonist - Answer o The amount of something that causes happiness or joy is better o The more the merrier o (quantity) Qualitative Hedonist - Answer o The value of it is better then the amount o (quality) Kantianism - Answer o Non-consequential approach o Not about good results or consequences o Act out of a sense of good will o X is morally right if (1) X is performed from a good will, (2) X can be consistently universalized and, (3) involves treating other human beings as ends and never only as means o You are acting on the basis of right intentions Categorical imperative - Answer o Kant's first formulation of the Categorical imperative: " Act only according to that maxim [Motive, rationale, rule of action] whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law" Social contract theory - Answer o X is morally right if a rational person would agree that X is necessary to secure basic common goods, i.e., if persons would voluntarily agree to limit self-interest and agree to follow mutually advantageous rules Rights theory - Answer o X is morally right if X does not involve the violation of a basic human right Proceduralism - Answer o X is right if X is a consensus view arrived at as a result of fair, sustained, and informed, deliberative dialogue, i.e., public dialogue based on credible information and conducted without exclusion, deceit, and coercion