Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy Final Exam
Why is it helpful to have a theory? What is its purpose? - Answer- A good theory provides us for a better understanding of human behavior.
What is the first thing a licensed counselor should do if he or she observes a colleague displaying unethical behavior? - Answer- Talk with that person and ask them to stop. (Reporting them is second.)
What topics are covered in a good informed consent? (5) - Answer- The theories/practices that will be used, the counselor's prices, confidentiality issues ( + reasons to break confidentiality), and sometimes the risk(s) of therapy.
What is competence? (What makes a person competent [2] or incompetent? [2]) - Answer- A competent person has sufficient training/ education & plenty of supervised experience. Someone is incompetent when they're experiencing a burnout (vicarious traumatization) or under the influence (drug/alcohol use).
How old must a client be to sign a valid consent form? - Answer- 18
What does it mean for a treatment to be empirically validated? (2) - Answer- Treatment is supported by good research & has specific details spelled out (so that people who practice the same treatment will have the same outcome).
What was Freud's view on repression? (4) - Answer- Repression is unconscious & is involved in symptom formation, Uses psychic energy...it's a general psychic process.
What is the role of the analyst in psychoanalysis? (2) - Answer- Doctor. Decides what's real and what's not real.
What is required of the analyst to eliminate his or her own countertransference? - Answer- Must go through psychoanalysis themselves.
What is the fundamental rule of psychoanalysis? - Answer- Client must say everything that comes to mind.
What are ego defense mechanisms? What are three examples? - Answer- They are unconscious ways to prevent unacceptable wishes from emerging into awareness. Examples: repression, fixation, and projection. If your client is someone who usually goes to the gym to run everyday, but she mentioned that when she went to the gym the previous day, she had a really bad morning, so she decided to change her routine and work out by boxing instead. What kind of ego defense mechanism is that? - Answer- Displacement
If your client goes to the gym every day and works out by punching and kicking, what kind of defense mechanism does he/she use? - Answer- Trick question! None.
According to Freud, what is the most powerful source of human behavior? - Answer- The unconscious.
What did the Hoglend (2007) study research? What did they find? - Answer- Researched the transference interpretation in psychoanalysis. Found no differences in outcomes between clients who receives transference interpretations and those who didn't....but very dysfunctional clients benefited most.
Who created Person Center Therapy? - Answer- Carl Rogers
Who created psychoanalysis? - Answer- Sigmund Freud
How was PCT different from therapies that came before? (4) - Answer- Rogers had a great respect for his clients, and sessions relied on the clients' intuitions. The first that the counselor were non-directive, but instead let them be directive and figure out what to do. It focused on the present.
What did Rogers believe about a person's potential? - Answer- People have a lot of potential and part of the counselor's job is to help people reach their own potential.
What does Rogers mean when he uses the word "experiencing"? (3) - Answer- He meant being in the present/here and now. Being aware of your internal emotional responses and what your body is trying to communicate to you (especially when in contact with another person).
How is the view of human nature in PCT different from the view of human nature in psychoanalysis? - Answer- PCT has a positive view, psychoanalysis has a negative view.
What is the most important part of the roles of the client and counselor in PCT? - Answer- A close relationship between the two of them.
What is motivational interviewing? (3) - Answer- Trying to get people to want to make changes by asking them to clarify their values. Helping them come to a commitment to change their behavior based on their values. Resolving their ambivalence about changing their behavior.
Why is it helpful to have a theory? What is its purpose? - Answer- A good theory provides us for a better understanding of human behavior.
What is the first thing a licensed counselor should do if he or she observes a colleague displaying unethical behavior? - Answer- Talk with that person and ask them to stop. (Reporting them is second.)
What topics are covered in a good informed consent? (5) - Answer- The theories/practices that will be used, the counselor's prices, confidentiality issues ( + reasons to break confidentiality), and sometimes the risk(s) of therapy.
What is competence? (What makes a person competent [2] or incompetent? [2]) - Answer- A competent person has sufficient training/ education & plenty of supervised experience. Someone is incompetent when they're experiencing a burnout (vicarious traumatization) or under the influence (drug/alcohol use).
How old must a client be to sign a valid consent form? - Answer- 18
What does it mean for a treatment to be empirically validated? (2) - Answer- Treatment is supported by good research & has specific details spelled out (so that people who practice the same treatment will have the same outcome).
What was Freud's view on repression? (4) - Answer- Repression is unconscious & is involved in symptom formation, Uses psychic energy...it's a general psychic process.
What is the role of the analyst in psychoanalysis? (2) - Answer- Doctor. Decides what's real and what's not real.
What is required of the analyst to eliminate his or her own countertransference? - Answer- Must go through psychoanalysis themselves.
What is the fundamental rule of psychoanalysis? - Answer- Client must say everything that comes to mind.
What are ego defense mechanisms? What are three examples? - Answer- They are unconscious ways to prevent unacceptable wishes from emerging into awareness. Examples: repression, fixation, and projection. If your client is someone who usually goes to the gym to run everyday, but she mentioned that when she went to the gym the previous day, she had a really bad morning, so she decided to change her routine and work out by boxing instead. What kind of ego defense mechanism is that? - Answer- Displacement
If your client goes to the gym every day and works out by punching and kicking, what kind of defense mechanism does he/she use? - Answer- Trick question! None.
According to Freud, what is the most powerful source of human behavior? - Answer- The unconscious.
What did the Hoglend (2007) study research? What did they find? - Answer- Researched the transference interpretation in psychoanalysis. Found no differences in outcomes between clients who receives transference interpretations and those who didn't....but very dysfunctional clients benefited most.
Who created Person Center Therapy? - Answer- Carl Rogers
Who created psychoanalysis? - Answer- Sigmund Freud
How was PCT different from therapies that came before? (4) - Answer- Rogers had a great respect for his clients, and sessions relied on the clients' intuitions. The first that the counselor were non-directive, but instead let them be directive and figure out what to do. It focused on the present.
What did Rogers believe about a person's potential? - Answer- People have a lot of potential and part of the counselor's job is to help people reach their own potential.
What does Rogers mean when he uses the word "experiencing"? (3) - Answer- He meant being in the present/here and now. Being aware of your internal emotional responses and what your body is trying to communicate to you (especially when in contact with another person).
How is the view of human nature in PCT different from the view of human nature in psychoanalysis? - Answer- PCT has a positive view, psychoanalysis has a negative view.
What is the most important part of the roles of the client and counselor in PCT? - Answer- A close relationship between the two of them.
What is motivational interviewing? (3) - Answer- Trying to get people to want to make changes by asking them to clarify their values. Helping them come to a commitment to change their behavior based on their values. Resolving their ambivalence about changing their behavior.
