BIO 1A03 Test 2 Review (2023/2024) Already Graded A

BIO 1A03 Test 2 Review (2023/2024) Already Graded A What is needed for prokaryote growth Nutrient-rich environment containing amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, nucleotides, favourable temperature housekeeping genes required all the time for vital functions Constitutively expressed includes structural proteins, ribosomal proteins, RNAP, DNAP allow for constant maintenance Regulated genes turned on/off when needed includes enzymes needed to channel growth/division Beta-Glalactosidase enzyme that metabolizes lactose into glucose and galactose - cleaves the B1-4 linkage between them produced by turning on B-galactosidase gene, only done when lactose is present without glucose works in cytoplasm Levels of Regulation transcriptional control translational control post translational control transcriptional regulation controls the amount of mRNA in the cell controls binding of proteins to the promotor regions to activate/inhibit transcription slowest regulation - must still transcribe/translate after receive signal - cell starts from scratch when certain protein is needed - often involved in more drastic environmental changes - also most efficient - no energy/resources wasted translational control may/may not be immediately translated in prokaryotes, ribosome binds to Shine-Dalgarno sequence amount of protein depends on translation rate/stability of mRNA Post-translational control many post-translational modifications regulate whether the polypeptide is active/inactive fastest regulation - allows for stockpile of inactive protein, which is activated as soon as the signal is received lactose permeate transmembrane protein that allows for transport of lactose into a bacterial cell operon groups of functionally related genes grouped to transcription units along the bacterial chromosome control expression of whole gene cluster as one unit components of an operon promoter, operator (on/off switch) and coordinated gene cluster operator sequence of nucleotides near the start of the operon that can be regulated to allow or inhibit transcription - when nothing is bound to the operator, RNAP can attatch to the promoter and transcribe genes in the operon polycistronic mRNA that can code for more than one polypeptide - includes multiple genes in one has many start/stop codons to show where the sequences start/stop lac operon controls lactose metabolism regulatory sequences promotor (binds RNAP complex)