Nurs 611 Maryville Exam 1 (Varges Review Already Passed

Nurs 611 Maryville Exam 1 (Varges Review Already Passed Influence cell damage by giving up electron causing chemical injury to the cell membrane free radical These are also considered Reactive Oxygen Species Free radicals during cell injury ____ ____ cause enzymatic digestion of the ________ & ________ which Halts what? nucleus, nucleolus, lysosomal leaking, synthesis of the DNA How does HYPERKALEMIA affect CARDIAC CONTRACTILITY? Hypopolarization of the cardiac cells What is the pathophysiology in cardiac rhythm caused by HYPERKALEMIA Hypopolarization What 3 things influence the Calcium/Phosphate balance? parathyroid hormone, calcitonine, vit d What is the most common type of pathological hyperplasia? endometrial What is the most common type of compensatory hyperplasia liver regeneration What type of CELLULAR ADAPTATION occurs in the LUNGS induced by irritant such as smoking METAPLASIA the replacement of normal columnar cells with ciliated cells in the BRONCHIAL LINING how is INSULIN used to treat HYPERKALEMIA Insulin carries K+ along with glucose from the blood into the cells What is the major cause of hypocalcemia in anemic patients massive blood administration / blood transfusions Two main causes of hyperkalemia renal failure, Addison's disease What autosomal dominant disease has an age dependent penetrance? Huntington's chorea 5% of Breast cancer is what type of autosomal disease Dominant What are the 2 genes responsible for 5% of breast cancers BRCA1, BRCA2 If you inherent BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 what is the lifetime risk of developing breast cancer 50 - 80% If you have a 1st degree relative with breast cancer your risk for devloping it _________ doubles what is the pattern of a trait that represents the % of those who have a genotype and also exhibit the expected phenotype Penetrance What is the #1 deadly disease in white childress and is autosomal ______ Cystic fibrosis, recessive DNA sequence mutation is NOT _______ whereas ______ ______ is reversable, epigenic modification is Epigenetic modification is caused by? diet and enviroment Hypermethylation of mRNA and miRNA Inactivates transcription of DNA and causes an ______ ______ resulting in ________ over expression, metastasis Genetic process for asthma to develop and change the bronchial lining in only one identical twin is due to Epigenetic modification Methylation A chemical modification of DNA that does not affect the nucleotide sequence of a gene but makes that gene less likely to be expressed. What is the measurement used to calculate the NUMBER OF NEW cases of a diseases during a certain period divided by the # in the population INcidence rate What is the RATIO of the incidence rate of those exposed to a disease divided by those not exposed Relative Risk What is the state of being dead mortality what is abnormal or unhealthy factors that contribute to disease morbidities What is decreased oxygen to the tissues Hypoxia #1 leading cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis especially in the kidneys and heart (MI) Hypoxia During cellular injury _______ enters the cell which increases ______ pressure resulting in _______ and permanant cellular _______ (death) Sodium, osmotic pressure, hypoxia, necrosis A cell death that is regulated or programmed Apoptosis The most common cause of HYPERmagnisemia Renal disease or failure What ELECTROLYTE/FLUID IMBALANCES does HYPERALDOsteronism cause? hypokalemin, hypernatremia, fluid volume excess What causes a reduction in plasma oncotic pressure? decreased plasma proteins (liver failure) Why will you see an increased BNP in patients with CHF? Naturietic peptides are released to decrease b/p and increase Na and H2O excretion (antagonist of the RAAS) What is the biggest target during cellular injury due to Radiation DNA Metabolic function of Calcium (C+ 8.5-10.5) Blood clotting, heart rhythm, and muscle contraction Metabolic function of Sodium (Na+ 135-145) regulates fluids, conduction of nerve impulses Metabolic function of Potassium (K+ 3.5-5) regulates fluids, acid-base balance Metabolic function of Magnesium (Mg+ 1.5-2.5) nerve and muscle function, metabolism of calcium and potassium Potassium (K+ 3.5-5) facilitates the exchange of the hydrogen ion from ______ cellular fluid to the _____ cellular fluid Intracellular, extracellular The ratio of Potassium (K+ 3.5-5) inside and outside the cell is a major determinant of the ? Resting membrane potential which is necessary for transmitting nerve pulses ADH is secreted based on what? Plasma osmalality A major cause of ELECTROLYTE AND FLUID IMBALANCE HYPERALDOsterone What is the most common electrolyte and fluid imbalances caused by high aldosterone hypokalemia, hypernatremia, and fluid volume excess during myocardial infarction (heart attack) ______ leads to ______ (cellular death) hypoxia, necrosis ____ ____ resistance increases with aging peripheral vascular The increased sodium/ potassium ratio seen in aging suggests that decreased _____ ____ leads to increased _______ _______ cellular mass, extracellular compartment What is the most common contributor of Low calcium (C+ 8.5-10.5) especially in renal diseases Low albumin proteins, hypoalbuminemia What can be a major cause of increased anion gap seen in Metabolic Acidosis Diabetic Ketoacidosis Main cause of and the Compensatory response to respiratory acidosis COPD, HCO3 retention by kidneys Main cause of and the Compensatory response to respiratory ALKALOSIS (high pH) CO2 excretion by lungs by HYPERVENTALATION, HCO3 excretion by kidney Main cause of (NORM anion gap) and the Compensatory response to Metabolic Acidosis renal failure, increased CO2 excretion by lungs (Kussmaul respirations) Main cause of and the Compensatory response to Metabolic Alkolosis Vomiting, diuretics, increased CO2 retention by the lungs, hypoventalation cardiomegaly (enlarged heart) caused by long term HTN is considered pathological _________ hypertrophy In aging there is decreased _____ system and decreased ______emptying immune, stomach When there is DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT to the KIDNEYS causing increased secretion of RENIN (RAAS) due to bleeding what is the result? Hypovolemic shock Low plasma proteins (albumin) causes edema in CHF and HTN as a result of? reduction in oncotic pressure What heavily influences oncotic pressure plasma proteins What is the pressure to the blood vessels produced by each contraction of the heart? Hydrostatic S/S and lab values associated with kidney (BEAN) failure numbness or tingling around lips, edema, high phosphorous and low calcium Capillary _________ pressure is higher than capillary _________ pressure hydrostatic, onconic What happens if extracellular k concentration increases without significant change in intracellular k? hypopolarization (more positive)=more excitable which is demonstrated by peaked T-waves _____ atrophy can occur with early development such as the ______ gland during childhood. Physiologic, thymus ________ is the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues, Can be _________ such as removal of 70% of the __________ can regenerate within 2 weeks, or ________ such as endometrial _________ an abnormal proliferation of normal cells due to increase in hormonal stimulation. Hyperplasia, compensatory, Liver, Pathological, hyperplasia TERM Maryville nurs 611 DEFINITION Maryville nurs 611 LOCATION TERM Exam 1 DEFINITION Exam 1 LOCATION During Ischemia a drop in ______ levels causes the ______/______ pump and ______/______ exchange to fail, leads to intracellular accumulation of ______ & ______ and diffusion of ______ out of cell. Meaning ______&______ can enter the cell freely causing _______ _______ ATP, soduim/potassium, sodium/calcium, sodium & water, potassium, sodium & water, cellular swelling To stabilize a _____ _____ will steal or give up an electron between another molecule, making it capable of an ______ _______ bond formation w/proteins, lipids, carbs, key membrane molecules, & nucleic acids. free radical, injurious chemical Chemical cellular injury due to _____, is when it is metabolized by the liver into acetaldehyde causing hepatic cellular dysfunction. _____ help detoxify _______, if not functioning properly ______ turns into _____ in the liver. ethanol, peroxisomes, ethanol, ethanol, fat a well-known autosomal dominant condition and its main features are progressive dementia and increasingly uncontrollable movements of the limbs. Huntington's Most genetic diseases exhibit ______ expressivity. variable the extent of variation in phenotype associated with a particular genotype; the degree to which a trait is expressed Expressivity When (mRNA) is ______-________ it results in ______ of an already existing _______. over expressed, metastasis, cancer The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins. oncotic pressure At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves out of the intravascular space into the interstitial space because the capillary _______ pressure (influenced by the Cardiac system) is higher than the capillary _______ pressure. hydrostatic, oncotic Low plasma protein (albumin) causes edema as a result of a reduction in _____ _____ _____ plasma oncotic pressure Secretion of _____ and the perception of thirst are stimulated by an Increase in _______ _______ ADH, plasma osmolality Clinical manifestations of ________ include; confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma. HYPERnatremia effects of hypernatremia in the brain, The high sodium in the blood vessels pulls _____ out of brain cells into the _____ _____, causing brain cells to _______. Can cause _____ ______ from stretching/contraction of veins. water, blood vessels, shrink, cerebral hemorrhage ______ ______ & ______ ______ can cause ______ due to decreased production of aldosterone thus body holds onto K+ Renal failure, Addison's disease, HYPERkalemia Calcium and phosphorous balance is a reciprocal relationship and influenced by ______, ______, & ______ PTH, calcitonin, Vit D What electrolyte imbalance is associated with metabolic acidosis? hyperkalemia due to renal failure