Human Growth and Development-Exam 1 questions and answers

Nature Vs. Nuture debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture. Nature refers to an organisms biological inheritance , nature to its enviormental expeirence.The "nature proponets" claim biological inheritance is the most important influence on development; the "nuture proponets" claim that enviormental expeirences are more important. human growth and development the science of studying growth,change, and stability from conception until death physical development biological development physological growth, change, and stability health motor abilities *sensory skills Congnitive development intellectual growth, change and stability Intelligence language memory Learning reasoning thinking psychosocial development socieomotional part of the development social and psycho growth change and stability relationships social influence *inherit personality What are the three components? Physical, congititive, and psychosocial development what are the eight major periods of study? prenatal, infancy and toodlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood Prenatal period conception-birth infancy and toddlerhood birth-two years early childhood 2-6 years middle childhood 6-11 years adolescence 11-18 years young adulthood 18-40 years middle adulthood 40-60 years Late adulthood 60- death Sigmund Freud pioneering architect of psychoanalytic theory Freuds 5 stages Oral-infants pleasure centers on the mouth birth-1 1/2 years Anal- Childs pleasure focus' on anus 1 1/2 to 3 years phallic stage-childs pleasure focus' on the genitals 3-6 years Latency stage- child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills 6-puberty Genital stage- a time of sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family. puberty onwards teratogen any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes. can most likley cause problems during germinal stage in pregnancy Germinal Stage of Pregnancy two weeks long, zygote travels to uterus, implants itself, grows by rapid cell division or mitosis. embryonic stage of pregnancy 2-8 weeks in length, umbilical cord that feeds bbaby, provides oxygen and takes away waste as well as the placenta that protects the baby develops fetal stage of pregnancy 8-40 weeks in length or until birth. baby grows in height and weight, getting 20x its size. Brain and neurons are being further developed. Adolescent mothers babies more likely to: prematurity, higher mortality rates, and underweight babies older aged mothers down syndrome, hypertension mom,justianl diabetes mom, multiples, bleeding prematurity baby- genetic predisposition or abnormalities, adhd, sksaphernia, down syndrome APGAR scale performed one minute and then five after birth Appreance- pink skin 0-2 0-blue skin 1- blue fingers/toes or extrematies 2-pink pulse- heart rate 100-140 bpm griamce- reflexes/responsivness crys, sneezes, coughs, facial expressions Activity- muscle tone and strong movement respirations- breathing strong breaths low apgar scale linked to adhd, if baby has a score of four or less, 75% risk trust vs. mistrust developed by erikson is the first physcosocail stage that is experienced during the first stage of life. trust in infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live. Autonomy Vs. shame occurs from 1-3 years of age. After gaining trust in their caregivers, infants begin to discover that their behavior is their own, they start to assert their sense of independance or autonomy. They relaize their will. If infants and toddlers are restrained too much, they are likely to develop a sense of shame and doubt. identical twins or monozygotic are formed from one egg and two sperm