CRIJ 4316- Exam 3 Study Guide with Complete Solutions

Through_______, states often end up with primary authority to implement requirements of federal laws, under EPA supervision and oversight - ANSWER-Delegation ______, a transfer of authority from one agency or individual to another. In the case of environmental legislation, federal laws typically delegate implementation and oversight obligations for environmental laws to the states - ANSWER-Delegation The EPA is obligated, based on this theme, to ______ authority for operating many of the federal environmental programs to states that meet qualifications - ANSWER-Delegate _______, can be described as the enforcement regime envisioned by Congress whereby the federal government, states, and citizens share responsibility to ensure compliance with the laws - ANSWER-Cooperative Federalism When understanding the legal context of enforcing environmental laws, it is important to understand how federal, state, and local agencies have interacted andor cooperated from the inception of this country's environmental standards via_____ - ANSWER-Cooperative Federalism ______, programs designed to induce compliance with applicable statutory or regulatory environmental standards - ANSWER-Compliance Programs _______, provisions in most major environmental laws that allow citizens the ability to file a suit in federal court to enforce the laws when the governments are unwilling or unable to do so - ANSWER-Citizen Suits For the most part, enforcement of environmental statutes historically has been achieved through cooperative approaches, voluntary________, administrative penalties, ________or injunctive relief, and civil judicial remedies - ANSWER-Compliance Programs, Citizen Suits The U.S. Supreme Court has said that although Congress' general authority to regulate comes from the_______ - ANSWER-Commerce Clause ______, the federal environmental statutes afford states the choice of regulating activity according to federal standards or, if not, having state law preempted by federal regulation - ANSWER-Commerce Clause