Biology 121 STUDY GUIDE

Biology 121 STUDY GUIDE Table of Contents Biology 121 Learning Outcomes 1 – 6 Cells and Histology 7 – 19 Integumentary System 20 – 21 Osteology 22 – 29 Bone Identification List 30 – 38 Nervous System 39 – 54 Muscular System 55 – 67 Biology 122 Learning Outcomes 65 – 74 Reproductive and Embryology 74 – 94 Urinary System 95 – 111 Digestive System 112 – 129 Cardiovascular System 130 – 154 Lymphatic System 155 – 157 Respiratory System 158 – 160 Endocrine System 161 – 168 Cadaver Dissection 169 – 184 Learning Outcomes Anatomy and Physiology 121 1. List the organelles in a typical animal cell and describe the function of each. 2. Describe the cellular organelles contribution to homeostasis. 3. Describe in detail the processes involved in cellular metabolism. 4. List typical tissue types found in the human body and describe the structure and function of each. 5. List the components of the integumentary system and define the function of each. 6. Identify the bones and bone markings of the human skeletal system. 7. Describe the physiological processes of the skeletal system. 8. List the major types of articulations and describe each in detail. 9. Identify the major diarthrotic joints and describe each in detail. 10. Identify the major skeletal muscles found in the body. 11. Describe the characteristics of smooth and cardiac muscle. 12. Describe the physiological processes of the muscular system. 13. List the major components of the male and the female reproductive system. 14. Describe the physiological processes involved in each system. 15. Describe in detail spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Anatomy and Physiology 121 Student Objectives Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology 1. Explain the term homeostasis and how it applies to physiology of the body. 2. Correctly identify the organelles and the structure and function of a typical mammalian cell. 3. Explain the function of the cell in relation to homeostasis of the body. 4. Explain the idea of increasing level of complexity. 5. Identify and describe the function of each system contained in the human body. 6. Describe why the study of anatomy and physiology is important to the health occupations. Chapter 3: Cell Biology 1. Define the terms cell, cytology, metabolism, and organelle. 2. Describe, using examples from the human body, how cells differ in regard to structure, function, and location. 3. Describe basic chemical reactions that occur at the cellular level. 4. Describe the movement of substances by osmosis, diffusion, active transport, obligatory transport, and endocytosis. 5. Describe the structure of the cell membrane and how transport of a substance is affected. 6. Define the structure and function of the major organelles in a cell. 7. Describe the importance of the nucleus in cell processes. 8. List the steps in the process of mitosis. 9. Describe how cell function affects the entire body. 10. Describe how carcinogenic cells develop. Chapter 4: Cellular Metabolism 1. Differentiate between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. 2. Describe the steps involved in cellular respiration (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport). 3. Define the terms AMP, ADP, ATP. 4. Define oxidative phosphorylation in relation to cell metabolism. 5. Describe the function of enzymes and coenzymes. 6. Outline the process of protein synthesis. 7. Describe how the molecules DNA and RNA affect types of proteins manufactured in a cell. Chapter 5: Histology 1. Define the term tissue and the importance of the study of tissues. 2. Explain the relationship between cells, tissues and how they relate to the body homeostasis. 3. Identify and classify the four types of tissues found in the body. 4. Describe the embryological development of tissue types. 5. Identify the principle epithelial tissues in the body. 6. Describe the function and structure of epithelial tissues. 7. Identify the principle connective tissues in the body. 8. Describe the function and structure of connective tissues. 9. Identify the three muscle types in the human body. 10. Describe the characteristics of each muscle type. 11. Describe the basic functions of nerve tissue. 12. Identify sensory and motor neurons. 13. Define gland and identify basic types found in the body. Chapter 6: Integumentary System 1. Describe the components of the integumentary system. 2. Describe the function of the integumentary system in the maintenance of homeostasis. 3. Differentiate between epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous. 4. Identify structures and glands found in the integument. 5. Describe why the integumentary system fits the classification of a true system. 6. Describe the processes of cell replacement and injury repair in the skin. 7. Describe the function of the melanocytes. 8. Describe factors the can lead to skin cancer. Chapter 7: Skeletal System 1. Discuss the function of the skeletal system. 2. Discuss the contribution of the skeletal system to homeostasis. 3. Describe the process of endochondral ossification. 4. Describe the process of intramembranous ossification. 5. Describe the embryological growth and development of bone tissue. 6. Identify and classify each bone in the skeletal system. 7. Identify the important bone markings of the skeletal system. 8. Describe the articulations of each bone. 9. Describe the process of bone repair. 10. Describe the differences between the male and female skeletal system. Chapter 8: Articulations 1. Define the term arthrology. 2. Describe and classify the types of joints found in the body. 3. Define the term synarthroses. 4. List the types of synarthrotic joints in the body. 5. Define amphiarthroses. 6. List the types of amphiarthrotic joints in the body. 7. Define diarthroses. 8. List the types of diarthrotic joints in the body. 9. Describe the types of joint movements associated with diarthrotic joints. 10. Identify ligaments and bones associate with the elbow, hip, knee, and shoulder joints. 11. Define the following terms and use in correct context: bursa, ligament, synovial membrane, joint capsule, and articular cartilage. Chapter 9: Muscular System 1. Describe the embryological development of the muscular system. 2. Identify the component parts of a muscle. 3. Identify the organelles found in a muscle cell. 4. List in correct sequence the events contained in skeletal muscle contraction. 5. Describe the contraction of cardiac muscle. 6. Describe the contraction of multi and single unit smooth muscle. 7. Describe skeletal muscle contraction recordings of a myogram. 8. Describe the skeletal muscle groups found in the body. 9. Locate the major muscles on the cadaver and the cat. 10. Describe the action and possible movements of each muscle. 11. Describe the muscular systems contribution to homeostasis. The Nervous System 1. Describe the general functions of the nervous system. 2. Explain the difference between sensory and motor neurons. 3. List types of cells associated with the nervous system. 4. Define cell membrane potential and how an electrical current is produced. 5. Describe the synapse and impulse conduction through the synaptic junction. 6. Describe impulse processing. 7. Define: neuronal pools, facilitation, convergence, divergence. 8. Describe how neurons are classified according to structure and function. 9. Describe the spinal cord and associated tissues and cells. 10. List the functions of the spinal cord. 11. Describe the general aspects of the brain. 12. Describe the function of each major region of the brain. 13. List the cranial nerves. 14. List the spinal nerves. 15. Describe the autonomic nervous system. 16. Describe the parasympathetic and sympathetic division of the autonomic system. 17. Describe the pathways of nerves and the location of major nerves in the cadaver and cat. 18. Describe the location of major nerve plexus. 19. Define the contribution of the nervous system to homeostasis. CELL ORGANELLES ORGANELLE FUNCTION CELL MEMBRANE Selective Entry – transport processes. CHROMATIN DNA/RNA – Information for Protein Synthesis. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Transport materials lipid synthesis attached ribosomes. GOLGI (stacked E.R.) Modification of protein for transport. VESICLES Storage of various substances. MITOCHONDRIA Release of energy in form of A.T.P. oxidative respiration. RIBOSOMES Protein synthesis. CENTRIOLES Distribution of chromosomes to new cells. CILIA/FLAGELLA Propel fluid over surface of cell and sperm motility. MICROVILLI “Brush Border” increase absorptive area of a cell ---------------------------------------------------------- MOVEMENTS ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE PROCESS SATURATION EXHIBITED DESCRIPTION DIFFUSION No Saturation Molecules or ions move from Higher to lower concentration. OSMOSIS No Saturation Water molecules diffusing through cell membrane. ACTIVE TRANSPORT Saturation Transport of molecules from a Lower to a higher concentration. ENDOCYTOSIS Saturation Membrane “captures” a substance and moves it into a cell. FACILITATED DIFFUSION Saturation Carrier molecule transports substance from higher to lower concentration. METABOLIC PROCESSES I. ANABOLIC VS CATABOLIC A. AN ANABOLIC REACTION BUILDS LARGER, MORE COMPLEX MOLECULES FROM SMALLER MOLECULES B. CATABOLIC REACTIONS BREAKDOWN LARGE MOLECULES INTO SMALLER - SIMPLER MOLECULES II. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS VS HYDROLYSIS A. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS IS THE REMOVAL OF A WATER MOLECULE TO BUILD COMPLEX MOLECULES (ANABOLIC) EX.- (C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6 C12 H22 O11) B. HYDROLYSIS IS THE ADDITION OF A WATER MOLECULE TO BREAK A COMPLEX MOLECULE INTO SMALLER MONOMERS EX.- (C12 H22 O11 + H2O C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6) III. ENZYME ACTIVITY A. ENZYMES CONTROL BOTH ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC PROCESSES B. ENZYMES ARE THOUGHT TO ACCOMPLISH THEIR TASK BY THE LACK AND KEY THEORY C. ENZYMES ARE GLOBULAR LPROTEINS D. PROMOTE SPECIFIC REACTIONS E. THERE IS A SPECIFIC ENZYME FOR EACH SUBSTRATE F. THE SUFFIX "ASE" FOLLOWS THE NAME OF AN ENZYME SUSTRATE ENZYME LIPID LIPASE PROTEIN PROTEASE SUCROSE SUCRASE MALTOSE MALTASE LACTOSE LACTASE H2O2 CATALASE