Imperial Image – year 12
Contents
Pre 44 BCE Pg
Establishing power through DF Pg
Imperator Pg
Augustus and peace Pg
Consolidation of power Pg
Augustus the religious leader Pg
Foreign Policy Pg
,Pre 44 BCE and Course Overview
107 BCE:
Marius ranted property requirement exception
when in war (don’t need to own property to
join) – people become more loyal to general so
they give land
105-1 BCE:
Marius grants another land exception (seen as
normal)
91-87 BCE:
Social war, Italians fight against Romans for
citizenship. New men w/o land to army
88 BCE:
Sulla given command against Mithridates – M
rearranges it to himself. Sulla marches on
Rome and M exiled.
87 BCE:
Cinna (M’s ally) takes over Rome by force and
Marius returns to Rome w/ army. M dies later
in the year
83 BCE:
Sulla marches on Rome and establishes
dictatorship. Enacts list of enemies to be killed,
limits power of tribune and then steps down
(79BCE) and reenacts consular government
60 BCE:
Founding of first ‘Triumvirate’ w/ Pompey,
Caesar and Crassus. 59 BCE Caesar consul in
Gaul and writes commentaries.
54 BCE:
Julia (Caesar’s sister, Pompey’s wife) dies,
breaking link between Pompey and Caesar.
Next year Crassus dies fighting Pathians.
49BCE:
Caesar crosses the Rubicon and brings army to
Italy to stop being prosecuted, wins and
Pompey flees to Egypt (assassinated)
44 BCE:
Caesar becomes dictator for life and is
assassinated by senators.
, Roman Political Psychology
Amicitia friendship, political alliances
Aemulatio being competitive
Dignitas dignity
Virtus manly attributes (e.g. bravery)
Pietas dedicated to gods, country, relatives
There were 2 consuls (therefore Rome was an oligarchy – rule of the few) who were the
leaders of the Republic. It was an elected position. A tribune was also elected but they were
elected by the people and could veto any law.
The ‘cursus honorum’ was the course of honour – starting political life at the bottom (as a
quaestor) and ending as a consul.
Amicitia (own elevation)
112-105 BCE was the Jugurthine War, Jugurthine was the king of Numidia (in Africa). The
war dragged on because generals at the time were bad. The only warlord that could defeat
him was Marius – who was hailed as one of the greatest warlords at the time, further proved
by the fact that he managed to destroy the German tribes in Rome. Marius was significant as
he accepted recruits from anyone willing to volunteer, not just the “assidui” (those who met
the land requirements) but also the “capite censi” (those who didn’t).
The Marian reforms created a professional infantry army. Volunteers were promised a farm at
the end of their service after 25 years and the responsibility to fulfil this promise was given to
the general whom the individual solider worked under – therefore armies became personal
and more motivated.
Contents
Pre 44 BCE Pg
Establishing power through DF Pg
Imperator Pg
Augustus and peace Pg
Consolidation of power Pg
Augustus the religious leader Pg
Foreign Policy Pg
,Pre 44 BCE and Course Overview
107 BCE:
Marius ranted property requirement exception
when in war (don’t need to own property to
join) – people become more loyal to general so
they give land
105-1 BCE:
Marius grants another land exception (seen as
normal)
91-87 BCE:
Social war, Italians fight against Romans for
citizenship. New men w/o land to army
88 BCE:
Sulla given command against Mithridates – M
rearranges it to himself. Sulla marches on
Rome and M exiled.
87 BCE:
Cinna (M’s ally) takes over Rome by force and
Marius returns to Rome w/ army. M dies later
in the year
83 BCE:
Sulla marches on Rome and establishes
dictatorship. Enacts list of enemies to be killed,
limits power of tribune and then steps down
(79BCE) and reenacts consular government
60 BCE:
Founding of first ‘Triumvirate’ w/ Pompey,
Caesar and Crassus. 59 BCE Caesar consul in
Gaul and writes commentaries.
54 BCE:
Julia (Caesar’s sister, Pompey’s wife) dies,
breaking link between Pompey and Caesar.
Next year Crassus dies fighting Pathians.
49BCE:
Caesar crosses the Rubicon and brings army to
Italy to stop being prosecuted, wins and
Pompey flees to Egypt (assassinated)
44 BCE:
Caesar becomes dictator for life and is
assassinated by senators.
, Roman Political Psychology
Amicitia friendship, political alliances
Aemulatio being competitive
Dignitas dignity
Virtus manly attributes (e.g. bravery)
Pietas dedicated to gods, country, relatives
There were 2 consuls (therefore Rome was an oligarchy – rule of the few) who were the
leaders of the Republic. It was an elected position. A tribune was also elected but they were
elected by the people and could veto any law.
The ‘cursus honorum’ was the course of honour – starting political life at the bottom (as a
quaestor) and ending as a consul.
Amicitia (own elevation)
112-105 BCE was the Jugurthine War, Jugurthine was the king of Numidia (in Africa). The
war dragged on because generals at the time were bad. The only warlord that could defeat
him was Marius – who was hailed as one of the greatest warlords at the time, further proved
by the fact that he managed to destroy the German tribes in Rome. Marius was significant as
he accepted recruits from anyone willing to volunteer, not just the “assidui” (those who met
the land requirements) but also the “capite censi” (those who didn’t).
The Marian reforms created a professional infantry army. Volunteers were promised a farm at
the end of their service after 25 years and the responsibility to fulfil this promise was given to
the general whom the individual solider worked under – therefore armies became personal
and more motivated.
