Evolution Part 2 - COMPLETE TEST REVIEW 2023 GRADED A+

Evolution Part 2 - COMPLETE TEST REVIEW 2023 GRADED A+ evolution - Change in the genetic makeup of a population, NOT an individual, over time Population - A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area Species (Organism) - Organisms that can interbred with each other and produce viable offspring. natural selection - Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest Survival of the Fittest - There is an ongoing competition for resources. In a population those with the best adaptations are most likely to survive and reproduce. Ex) Giraffe with the longest neck, fastest cheetah. Genetic variation - Part of Darwin's Theme which states that there is variation in a population (differences in DNA). These differences come from mutations and crossing over which occurs during meiosis. Fitness - An organism's ability to survive and reproduce. The most fit survive. Adaptation - A trait that increased an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment. Gene Pool - All the genetic information from a population for a certain trait. directional selection - Natural selection that favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range. stabilizing selection - Natural selection that favors intermediate variants (the average) by acting against extreme phenotypes. disruptive selection - Natural selection favors both extreme phenotypes. genetic drift - A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection. Impacts small populations the most. Bottleneck - A populations size is decreased drastically for at least one generation, which decreases the variation in the overall population. Founder Effect - A new colony is started by a few members of the original population, this new population may look drastically different from the original parent population. speciation - An evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species. reproductive isolation - Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring. geographic isolation - Physical separation of a group of individuals due to some type of barrier, such as a river, from others of the same species behavioral isolation - Form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding. ex) singing different songs Temporal Isolation - Organisms reproduce at different times and so they cannot interbreed, making them different species. divergent evolution - When two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time. homologous structure - Structures in different specie