Comprehensive Exam - Counseling
Erik Erikson's 8 stages of development>>> trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt,
industry vs inferiority, identity vs diffusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs self-absorption, integrity
vs despair
Freud's Psychoanalytic and Psychosexual Development Theory>>> Two basic drives sex and aggression,
5 stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Oral Stage>>> birth to 18 months
Anal Stage>>> 2 to 3 years
Phallic Stage>>> 3 to 5 years
Latency Stage>>> 6 years to puberty
Genital Stage>>> puberty to adulthood
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development>>> schemas of assimilation, accommodation, and
equilibration; stages sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development>>> preconventional morality, conventional morality, post
conventional morality
Electra Complex>>> same an oedipus complex but for girls, occurs during the phallic stage
John Bowlby>>> bonding with an adult before 3 years is vital, if not will cause abnormal behavior
Harry Harlow>>> worked with monkeys on attachment and believe it was innate, isolation lead to
autistic abnormal behavior
Konrad Lorenz>>> imprinting ducks will follow the first moving object the see
Critical Periods (Lorenz)>>> certain behaviors must be learned at specific stages or they will not be
learned at all
Genotype>>> genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype>>> physical or biochemical characteristics determined by genetics and the environment
, Tabula Rasa>>> John Locke, a child is born with an unformed mind that develops through experience,
blank slate
Plasticity>>> the smooth transition from one stage of development to the next
Human Development>>> learning, cognitive, psychoanalytic, humanistic
Levinson's The Seasons of a Man's Life>>> book about study of adult males, life into 4 periods;
preadulthood to 17 years, early adulthood starting at 17 to 22, middle adulthood starting at 40 to 45,
older adult starting at 60 to 65, midlife crisis
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs>>> person must first satisfy basic needs (food/shelter) before higher needs
(love/security)
Gesell's Maturationist Theory>>> development is a biological process independent from environmental
influences
Behaviorism Theory of Learning>>> learning is a change of behavior caused by consequences of
behaviors, Watson, Skinner, Thorndike
Law of Effect (Thorndike)>>> a behavior followed by a reward is is strengthened and more likely
repeated
Rogers>>> person centered, people are eventually good, move toward self-actualization
Berne>>> transactional analysis, each person has 3 ego states, parent, adult, child
Freud>>> psychoanalysis, biological instincts and development through psychosexual stages
Ellis>>> rational emotive behavior therapy: person's instincts are rational and irrational but can be
taught
Perls>>> gestalt: people are whole and complete but effect by environment. organizing experience
determines learning
Glasser>>> reality therapy: people have needs of food/shelter plus the need to feel worthwhile and
successful
Adler>>> individual psychology: people are essentially good, birth order determines much of behavior
Jung>>> analytic psychology: people strive for self-fulfillment
Skinner>>> behavioral/cognitive behavioral modification: people cannot make free will decisions,
behavior is learned from environment and reinforcement
Frankl>>> existential: people are good/rational and have the freedom to chose behavior
Williamson (trait factor)>>> trait factor: potential for good/bad is innate
Erik Erikson's 8 stages of development>>> trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt,
industry vs inferiority, identity vs diffusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs self-absorption, integrity
vs despair
Freud's Psychoanalytic and Psychosexual Development Theory>>> Two basic drives sex and aggression,
5 stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Oral Stage>>> birth to 18 months
Anal Stage>>> 2 to 3 years
Phallic Stage>>> 3 to 5 years
Latency Stage>>> 6 years to puberty
Genital Stage>>> puberty to adulthood
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development>>> schemas of assimilation, accommodation, and
equilibration; stages sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development>>> preconventional morality, conventional morality, post
conventional morality
Electra Complex>>> same an oedipus complex but for girls, occurs during the phallic stage
John Bowlby>>> bonding with an adult before 3 years is vital, if not will cause abnormal behavior
Harry Harlow>>> worked with monkeys on attachment and believe it was innate, isolation lead to
autistic abnormal behavior
Konrad Lorenz>>> imprinting ducks will follow the first moving object the see
Critical Periods (Lorenz)>>> certain behaviors must be learned at specific stages or they will not be
learned at all
Genotype>>> genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype>>> physical or biochemical characteristics determined by genetics and the environment
, Tabula Rasa>>> John Locke, a child is born with an unformed mind that develops through experience,
blank slate
Plasticity>>> the smooth transition from one stage of development to the next
Human Development>>> learning, cognitive, psychoanalytic, humanistic
Levinson's The Seasons of a Man's Life>>> book about study of adult males, life into 4 periods;
preadulthood to 17 years, early adulthood starting at 17 to 22, middle adulthood starting at 40 to 45,
older adult starting at 60 to 65, midlife crisis
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs>>> person must first satisfy basic needs (food/shelter) before higher needs
(love/security)
Gesell's Maturationist Theory>>> development is a biological process independent from environmental
influences
Behaviorism Theory of Learning>>> learning is a change of behavior caused by consequences of
behaviors, Watson, Skinner, Thorndike
Law of Effect (Thorndike)>>> a behavior followed by a reward is is strengthened and more likely
repeated
Rogers>>> person centered, people are eventually good, move toward self-actualization
Berne>>> transactional analysis, each person has 3 ego states, parent, adult, child
Freud>>> psychoanalysis, biological instincts and development through psychosexual stages
Ellis>>> rational emotive behavior therapy: person's instincts are rational and irrational but can be
taught
Perls>>> gestalt: people are whole and complete but effect by environment. organizing experience
determines learning
Glasser>>> reality therapy: people have needs of food/shelter plus the need to feel worthwhile and
successful
Adler>>> individual psychology: people are essentially good, birth order determines much of behavior
Jung>>> analytic psychology: people strive for self-fulfillment
Skinner>>> behavioral/cognitive behavioral modification: people cannot make free will decisions,
behavior is learned from environment and reinforcement
Frankl>>> existential: people are good/rational and have the freedom to chose behavior
Williamson (trait factor)>>> trait factor: potential for good/bad is innate
