NR 507 midterm exam(solved)

Hypersensitivity: Type 1 -Mediated IgE -inflammation due to mast cell degranultion -anaphylactic, asthma, hay fever treatment: epinephrine Hypersensitivity: Type 2 -Cytotoxic reaction: tissue specific -binds to the antigen ON THE CELL SURFACE -macrophages are primary effectors cells involved cause tissue damage or alter function Hypersensitivity 2 -Graves Disease (hyperthyroidism) -alters function not destroy -blood transfusions reaction- transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by agglutination or lysis -drug allergies -hemolytic anemia Hypersensitivity: type 3 -Not organ specific -antibody binds to soluble antigen OUTSIDE THE CELL SURFACE that was released into the blood or bodily fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the tissues Hypersensitivity: Type 3 -rheumatoid arthritis -Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) -Raynaud's Hives (urticaria) Hypersensitivity Type 1 First responders to innate the immune system Neutrophils Allergic contact dermatitis Hypersensitivity Type IV Type 2 cytotoxic hypersensitivity mediated by: -IgG IgM -macrophages are primary effort cells - Serum Sickness type 3 hypersensitivity Hypersensitivity IV, -is more of a delayed immune response. -mediated T-cells attack tissue directly (no antibodies) Autoimmune -diseases in which the body makes antibodies directed against its own tissues - Primary immunodeficiency -Genetic; inherited -result of single gene defects -B and T cell deficiencies secondary immunodeficiency -acquired Common cause of secondary immunodeficiency Malnutrition Most patients diagnosed with SLE will have a positive ? antinuclear antibody (ANA) SLE (lupus) -Facial rash -vasculitis - tissue inflammation Renal disease associated with autoimmunity? Glomerulonephritis Sjogren's syndrome Inflammation in salivary and lacrimal glands SLE Autoantibodies and auto-active t-cells against DNA and nucleoprotein Sjögren's syndrome immune changes: Autoantibodies and auto-reactive t-cells against apoptotic cells rheumatoid arthritis manifestations: Joint inflammation, stiffness, pain, loss of range of motion Rheumatoid Arthritis immune changes: T-cells and B cells against joint associated antigens MS manifestations Formation of sclerotic plaque in the brain, leads to Muscle weakness and ataxia MS immune changes T-cells against brain antigens ___ measures the average size of RBCs MCV Anemia occur by... -impaired RBC production -excessive blood loss - increased RBC production microlytic anemia is characterized by hyper chromic RBS: Hereditary spherocytosis Anemia -"without blood" 4.7-6.1mcl Normal for men RBC 4.5-5.2mcL Normal for women RBC 13.5-17.5 Normal hemoglobin for men 12.0-15.5 g/dL Normal hemoglobin for women RBC The number of erythrocytes in 1 cubic mm of whole blood Hemoglobin (Hgb) The oxygen-carrying pigment of red cells Hematocrit (Hct) The volume of cells as a % of total volume of cells and plasma in whole blood 42-45% Normal for HCT for men 37-48% Normal HCT for women Mean Cell Volume (MCV) Measures the average size of the RBC 80-100 fL Normal MCV RDW (red cell distribution width) Estimate of the uniformity of individual cell size