WGU C207 Data-Driven Decision Making test with complete solutions

α The lower case Greek letter "alpha" β The lower case Greek letter "beta" δ The lower case Greek letter "delta" γ The lower case Greek letter "gamma" θ The lower case Greek letter "theta" addition In sculpture, the process of adding or combining material. algebraic equation Any equation that contains variables, constants, or mathematical operations. algebraic expression A string of terms that are connected by division, addition, and subtraction operations. alternative hypothesis The argument that typically states that the sample is not equal to the hypothesized null sample. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) A statistical method that helps identify the sources of variability by comparing their means or averages; it compares the variation within a sample to the variation between samples to see if any differences are the result of some contributing factor or if the differences occur by chance alone. Analytics The discovery, analysis, and communication of meaningful patterns in data. ANOVA Analysis of variance; a method of analyzing the difference in a particular variable between multiple populations. arithmetic expression A string of numbers connected by elementary operations. Attribute Data Data that shows whether a result meets a requirement or not (yes/no, pass/fail) Autocorrelation A relationship between two variables that is inherently non-linear. Balanced Scorecard An approach using multiple measures to evaluate performance, including financial measures, and the non-financial measures of customers, internal business processes, and learning and growth. [CMA] Banner ads graphic ads which appear on a web page and link to an advertiser's site bar chart A graph that measures the distribution of data over discrete groups or categories. base number The number multiplied by itself when paired with an exponent. For example, in 8³, 8 would be the base number. Base period A period in time used as a point of reference when being compared to other time periods. Bayes' Theorem A formula that calculates conditional probabilities, important in understanding how new information affects the probabilities of different outcomes Benchmarks Standards or points of reference for an industry or sector that can be used for comparison and evaluation. Big Data A catch-phrase that describes a massive volume of data that is so large that it's difficult to process using traditional database and software techniques. Blind study A study performed where the participants are not told if they are in the treatment group or control group. Business Process A sequence of logically related and time based work activities to provide a specific output for a customer. [CMA] Call to action In an email message or web page, the link or body copy that tells the recipient what action to take, such as "click here to buy" or "sign up now to start receiving points." Causation The relationship of cause and effect. Cause-and-effect Diagram A diagram that shows the underlying causes of a problem or event; also known as a fishbone diagram Check Sheet A structured form or table that lets practitioners collect and record data in a simple format; by putting marks on a table or image, team members can track and record information about the number, time, and location of events or problems chi-squared test A hypothesis test that is used to examine the distribution of categorical data. Click-through rates A common metric to measure the success of an email campaign. Click-through rate is the total number of clicks on hotlink(s) in an email, divided by the number of emails sent. Includes multiple clicks by a unique user. Cluster analysis The process of arranging terms or values based on different variables into "natural" groups. coefficient A number by which another number or symbol is multiplied. coefficients A number by which a variable is multiplied. This number is written in front of the variable(s). Combination The number of different unordered possibilities for a certain situation combining like terms Refers to combining terms that include the same variable. Combining like terms helps to consolidate when solving an equation. Common Cause Variation Variation that occurs as a natural part of a process Complement The occurrence of an event not happening, the opposite. Conditional probability the probability of an event occurring given that another event has occured Confidence interval An interval estimate used to indicate reliability. constant A value that is known and unchanging. Constraints [Input] The state, quality, or sense of being restricted to a given course of action or inaction. An applicable restriction or limitation, either internal or external to a project, which will affect the performance of the project or a process. For example, a schedule constraint is any limitation or restraint placed on the project schedule that affects when a schedule activity can be scheduled and is usually in the form of fixed imposed dates. Construct validity The validity of inferences that a research study actually measures the construct being investigated. Consumer price index A measure of the price level of a defined "basket" of consumer items purchased by households. Content validity Whether the construct in a research study measures what it claims to. Continuous Not dividable into distinct units. Continuous data Data that can lay along any point in a range of data continuous flow An ideal state in which one item is moved smoothly and continuously through all process steps in a value stream; continuous flow reduces inventory costs, and provides finished product to customers faster than mass production or batch-and-queue processes; also known as one-piece flow. control chart A modified run chart that also provides upper and/or lower limits that a process should not exceed. Illustrates limits or constraints a process should not exceed Control limits The area composed of three standard deviations on either side of the centerline, or mean, of a normal distribution of data plotted on a control chart that reflects the expected variation in the data. Controllable Inputs In a simulation model, inputs that are directly controlled by the company or individual. Cook's Distance An estimated distance that is determined by the influence of a single data point on the results of regression analysis Correlation The extent or degree of statistical association among two or more variables. [CMA] Criterion referenced Compare individual's performance to a standard score (Example: Cut Score 64%) Criterion-referenced tests Tests that compare an individual to certain defined standards. Critical Path Generally, but not always, the sequence of schedule activities that determines the duration of the project. It is the longest path through the project. See also critical path methodology. Critical Success Factors The important things an entity must do to be successful, such as quality measures, customer service, or efficiency. Critical To Quality Characteristics (CTQs) The quality attributes that customers and stakeholders feel are most important; CTQs are used by these groups to evaluate the quality of process results critical value The tipping point between a test statistic value that causes us to reject the null hypothesis and one that indicates we fail to reject the null hypothesis.