Client centered care EXAM 2 with Complete Solution

Client centered care EXAM 2 with Complete Solution GI Tract is made up of what - The mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus. Accessory organs of the GI - The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas Functions of the upper GI - Chewing, swallowing, and breaking down food particles. Risk factors for oral cancer - Cigarette smoking, tobacco use, pipe smoking, excessive alcohol use, infection with HPV, and genetic predisposition Signs and symptoms of oral cancer - Lesions on the tongue or mucosa, sores or discoloration of the lips or mouth that don't heal treatment of oral cancer - radiation, chemotherapy, surgery that may require the creation of a tracheostomy Nursing care of a patient with oral cancer - Involves monitoring respiratory status, nutritional support, and comfort measures Esophageal cancer/ gastric cancer risk factors - Smoking, excessive alcohol use cause of esophageal cancer - Barrett esophagus Barrett esophagus - Precancerous condition due to longstanding GERD, the constant irritation of the esophagus by stomach fluids can cause cells to become malignant. Signs and symptoms of esophageal cancer - dysphagia, hoarseness, persistent cough, halitosis, regurgitation of foods, and weight loss. Treatment of esophageal cancer - Endoscopic therapies and surgeries. Esophagectomy is less commonly done due to complication rate respiratory acidosis - A drop in blood pH due to hypoventilation (too little breathing) and a resulting accumulation of Co2. respiratory alkalosis - Arise in blood pH due to hyperventilation (excessive breathing) and a resulting decrease in CO2. metabolic acidosis - decreased pH in blood and body tissues as a result of an upset in metabolism metabolic alkalosis - elevation of HCO3- usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids respiratory acidosis - Causes: shallow, slow respirations- HYPOventilation; respiratory congestion or obstruction. Can be due to COPD, severe pneumonia, or excessive sedation; respiratory muscle weakness. Signs and symptoms of respiratory acidosis - Hypoventilation, dyspnea, anxiety, and confusion ABG values for respiratory acidosis - pH less than 7.35, PaCO2 greater than 45 causes of metabolic acidosis - shock, DKA, lactic acidosis, renal failure, diarrhea, and starvation signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis - Kussmaul respirations; headache; confusion; malaise ABG values for metabolic acidosis - low pH, HCO3 less than 22 Causes of respiratory alkalosis - HYPERventilation caused by anxiety or pain, mechanical ventilation Signs and symptoms of respiratory alkalosis - Hyperventilation; confusion; Lightheadedness ABG values for respiratory alkalosis - ph greater than 7.45, paCO2 less than 35 metabolic alkalosis causes - vomiting; prolonged gastric suction; hypokalemia; medications: diuretics, antacids or bicarbonate, mineralocorticoids signs and symptoms of metabolic alkalosis - Hypoventilation; confusion; numbness/tingling; decreased LOC ABG values for metabolic alkalosis - pH greater than 7.45, HCO3 greater than 26 Normal pH - 7.35-7.45 Normal PaO2 levels - 80-100 mmHg Normal PaCO2 levels - 35-45 mmHg Normal HCO3 levels - 22-26 A common cause of liver toxicity is? - Taking extra strength acetaminophen at doses of 4500 mg per day Measures used to teach patients to prevent gastrointestinal ulcers include? - Limiting the amount of routine alcohol consumption. You are planning care for several patients who had diagnostic testing. Which patient will require the most time for post procedural care? - Patient who had a liver biopsy You are preparing a patient for a liver biopsy. Which nursing intervention should be included? - Attending to patient's fears and anxiety, checking for a signed consent form the procedure, checking coagulation studies for bleeding problems, noting any allergy to local anesthetics.