Daance Module 1 Basic Sciences|2023/24 Update|Graded A+

1)What is the role of the central nervous system? 2)What are the 3 subdivisions of the central nervous system? 1) To provide overall control of body function 2) Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System NERVOUS SYSTEM: 1) What are the cells of the nervous system called? 2) What are they responsible for? 3) What is action potential? What happens during this? 4) How is this related to a synapse? 5) What is a synapse? 1) Neurons 2) Responsible for conducting nerve impulses within the brain and from one body part to another 3) The nerves threshold of stimulus. When an impulse reaches the threshold, the impulse travels along the neuron at a constant rate. 4) When an impulse reaches the end of the neuron, it can pass to another neuron across a synapse. 5) A junction between two neurons. DEPOLARIZATION/REPOLARIZATION: 1) Explain depolarization. 2) What substance is often the material moving in and out of the membrane? 3) What is the wave of polarization? 4) Explain repolarization. 5) How does this relate to local anesthetics? 1) The outside of a nerve membrane is positively charged. When those charges move into the membrane, the outside is left negatively charged. 2) Na+ ions 3) The movement of changing charges during depolarization. 4) After the nerve impulse passes through the nerve, the nerve fibers become repolarized, or positively charged, again. 5) Local anesthetics interfere with Na+ ions traveling through the ion channels, preventing depolarization and slowing or stopping the nerve impulses. SYNAPSES: 1) What is a terminal button? 2) What are pre-synaptic and post-synaptic? 3) What is a synaptic cleft? 4) What substance is this product dependent on? 5) What action does this substance have? 1) The bulge at the end of the nerve, that touches the next nerve. 2) The nerve before and after the synapse that is active. 3) The gap between two nerves, which a nerve impulse must 'jump across' to communicate with the next nerve. 4) Neurotransmitters 5) They enable transmission of the depolarization wave from one nerve onto the receptor sites of the next. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: 1) What is the central nervous system, and what does it consist of? 2) What are the parts of the CNS? (4 parts) 1) It is the overall control center of the body, consists of the brain and the spinal cord. 2) Cerebral Cortex, Core of the Brain, Cerebellum, and the Brainstem. CEREBRAL CORTEX: 1) How many parts does it have? 2) What are its main responsibilities? (6 things) 1) 2 parts- paired cerebral hemispheres. 2) Essential functions- thought, learning, memory, consciousness, feeling of sensation (such as pain or heat), and initiation of muscle movement. CORE OF THE BRAIN: 1) What is its main purpose? 2) What does one of the core's components do? 3) What can other important structures in the core do? 1) Impulses pass through the core on their way to or from the cerebral cortex. 2) It serves as a relay station between sensory inputs from the periphery of the body to the cerebral cortex. 3) They play important roles in the body's autonomic (automatic) functions, and emotions. CEREBELLUM: 1) What is the purpose? 1) It is the coordinating center for both sensory receptors (vision, hearing) and coordination of movement. BRAINSTEM: 1) Where is this located? 2) What are the 3 parts of the brainstem? 3) What important control centers does it contain? 4) What else does it contain, and what does this do? 1) Between the brains core and the spinal cord (inferiorly). 2) midbrains, pons, medulla oblongata. 3) Autonomic (automatic) nervous system. 4) Reticular formation, responsible for consciousness or arousal. BRAINSTEM: 1) What does the lower portion of the brainstem contain? 2) What does the pons do? 3) What does the medulla do? 1) Pons and medulla. 2) It connects to the the cerebellum, and controls coordination and movement. 3) Contains centers which control blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory, and digestion. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: 1) What does this system consist of? 2) What are sensory nerves? 3) What are motor nerves? 4) What are the two main components of this system? 1) Nerves, which carry impulses away from the CNS to parts of the body, and carry impulses from the periphery back to the the CNS. 2) Nerves that bring messages from the environments back to the CNS (such as touch and pain). 3) Nerves that send out responses to a muscle, which initiates body movement. 4) The cranial and spinal nerves. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM- Cranial Nerves 1) What are they? 2) What are the cranial nerves which are exclusively sensory? 3) Which nerve is both sensory and motor? 4) Which nerve is primarily a motor nerves? 5) Which nerve is a primary concern with local anesthesia? 1) Nerves that start at the base of the brain. 2) Optic nerve (sight), Olfactory nerve (smell), Auditory nerve (sound). 3) Trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensation to teeth and jaw, and has a motor branch which supplies the muscles of mastication. 4) Facial nerve, supplies motor fibers for facial expression such as smiling, frowning, etc. 5) Trigeminal nerve CRANIAL NERVE, TRIGEMINAL NERVE: Mandible 1) What are the 3 branches of the nerve? 2) What nerves are anesthetized when working on the mandible? What is this injection called? 3) What areas does this affect? 1) Opthalmic, Maxillary, and Mandibular. 2) Inferior alveolar and lingual nerves. Mandibular block. 3) Mandibular teeth, chin, lips, half of the tongue, and the floor of the mouth. CRANIAL NERVE, TRIGEMINAL NERVE: Maxilla 1) If teeth are not infiltrated individually, what types of blocks can be used? 2) What do each of these nerves supply? 1) Posterior superior alveolar, greater palatine, and nasopalatine. 2) Posterior Superior Alveolar- posterior portion of the maxilla. Greater Palatine- posterior palate. Nasopalatine- anterior palate.