Dental hygiene board review Test Questions with Correct| Solutions Graded to Pass

What are the 3 layers of the heart? - 1-pericardium 2- myocardium 3-endocardium What is the outermost layer of the heart? - Pericardium What is the pericardium? - Double walled membranous sac enclosing the heart T or False: The pericardial cavity is the space between the membranous sac and it contains lubricant fluids to permit movement - True What is the inflammation of the pericardium known as? - Pericarditis What layer of the heart is the thickest and provides strength? - Myocardium The myocardium is an involuntary muscle, which nervous system controls the myocardium? - Automatic nervous system What is the inflammation of the myocardium known as? - Myocarditis What provides blood supply to the myocardium? - Coronary arteries What does it mean if there is a partial blockage in the coronary arteries? - The blockage is due to atherosclerosis, which prevents adequate oxygenated blood from reaching the heart. This is know as ischemic heart disease or coronary heart disease or angina What does it mean if there is a total blockage in the coronary arteries? - Total blockage of blood supply (infraction) causes muscle cells to die and is known as myocardial infraction, coronary occlusion or heart attack What is the treatment of choice for angina or myocardial infraction? - Nitroglycerine, oxygen, EMS What is ischemic heart disease (angina pectoris)? - An intermittent chest pain or discomfort often upon exertion or stress How does pain present in angina pectoris? - Pain may radiate to left shoulder, arm or to jaws In angina pectoris what is pain due to? - due to transient reversible myocardial hypoxia (lack of oxygen to heart muscle) What is a myocardial infraction? - An ischemic necrosis of the myocardium, lacking of blood supply to the heart muscle resulting in cell death. it is usually caused by coronary thrombosis or blood clot. In what part of the heart do myocardial infractions often occur? - In the left ventricle because it has to work the hardest by pumping the blood to the rest of the body. Which patients are prone to myocardial infractions? - patients with a history of angina What is the inner most layer of the heart? - Endocardium What is infective endocarditis? - It is a life treating infection Characterized by colonization to invasion of the heart valves by microbial agents that have infected the blood stream (bacteremia) thrombotic masses form on the valves (vegetations) What do the vegetations lead to? - They leaf to stenosis (obstruction of blood flow) and regurgitation (backward flow) Which patients are more prone to infective endocarditis? - Patients with damaged valves from rheumatic heart disease or patients with prosthetic valves How can infective carditis be cause in dentistry? - Bacteria localized in the mouth can enter the blood stream during dental procedure. It can travel through the heart and adhere to normal or previously damaged valves How many chambers does the heart have? a.2 b.3 c.4 d.5 e.6 - it has 4 chambers 2 on the right(atrium/ventricle) and 2 on the left (atrium/ventricle) What divides the right and left sided of the heart? - They are divided by the septum Describe is the flow of deoxygenated blood in the heart? - The super/inferior vena-cava deposite deoxygenated blood into the right atrium the blood then travels through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle and then into the lungs via the pulmonary ARTERY What is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood? - Pulmonary artery Describe the flow of oxygenated blood in the heart? - In the lungs the blood is oxygenated and carried to the heart via pulmonary vein. The blood is deposited into the left atrium then through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle then into the aorta then to the rest of the body What is the function of the atrium? - to receive blood. (the wall are relatively thin) What is the function of the ventricles? - To pump blood away from the heart. the walls are thick and muscular. True or false: When the right atrium contracts, it cause the tricuspid valve to open, allowing blood flow into right ventricle. - true What causes the tricuspid valve to close? - The contraction of the right ventricle preventing back flow What happens when the right ventricle contracts? - it allows pulmonary valve to open, allowing blood to be pumped into pulmonary artery What is the blood flow on the left side of the heart? - Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium via the pulmonary vein. upon contraction of the left atrium, the mitral valve (bicuspid) opens to allow blood to flow into left ventricle. The mitral valve closes, as the left ventricle contracts, preventing back flow. as the left ventricle contracts the aortic valve opens allowing blood into the aorta and then sending it to the rest of the body. What chambers are filled at the same time? - - Left and right atrium fill with blood at the same time. - Left and right ventricles fill with blood at the same time. - left and right ventricles contract at the same time. What type of blood do arteries carry? - carry oxygenated blood from heart to body parts. except pulmonary artery What type of blood do veins carry? - carry deoxygenated blood from body parts to heart. except for pulmonary vein What two major vessels bring deoxygenate blood to the heart? - Superior and inferior vena cava