CDM Exam 2 Solved 100% Correct

Pleural Effusion - ANSWER-Fluid in the pleural space -Frequent complication of pneumonia, congestive heart failure, and carcinomas of the lung, breast, and ovaries Types of Pleural Effusion - ANSWER-1) Hemothorax: blood enters in the pleural space and causes lung to collapse (trauma to the chest, disease TB, blood clotting issue) 2) Empyema (infection in the pleural space) 3) Chylothorax (lymphatic fluid in pleural space) SxS of Pleural Effusion - ANSWER-1) Cough (usually nonproductive, worsens with the size of the effusion) 2) Dyspnea (most common) 3) Activity intolerance 4) Chest pain -Often difficult to discriminate between the symptoms associated with the effusion and those of the primary underlying pathophysiologic process How are pleural effusions diagnosed? - ANSWER-1) Starting point is Chest X-Ray 2) Once the effusion is detected, a diagnostic thoracentesis is needed to identify the specific cause How are pleural effusions classified? - ANSWER-Pleural effusions are classified as transudative or exudative, according to the amount of protein detected in the pleural fluid Transudates (Pleural Effusion) - ANSWER-1) Caused by systemic factors 2) Ultrafiltrates of plasma 3) Pleural membranes not diseased 4) Heart failure and increased pulmonary venous pressure 5) Most common Exudates (Pleural Effusion) - ANSWER-1) Caused by local factors 2) Light's criteria -Pleural fluid to serum protein ratio greater than 0.5 -Pleural fluid to serum LDH ratio greater than 0.6 -Pleural fluid LDH that is two-thirds of the upper normal limit for serum LDH 3) Pneumonia, malignancies, pancreatitis, empyema, blunt trauma Pneumothorax - ANSWER-Air in the pleural cavity Types on Pneumothorax - ANSWER-1) Closed 2) Traumatic (open) 3) Tension