PATHO 370 Week 5 Midterm Exam Questions With Answers | Latest (GRADED)

Blood flow throughout the periphery is regulated by the autonomic nervous system. 2.Pulse pressure is defined as systolic pressure – diastolic pressure 3.The patient who requires the most careful monitoring for development of metabolic acidosis is a patient who has had diarrhea for over a week. 4.Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis would result in increased pH, increased HCO 3 – . 5.A common characteristic of viral pneumonia is increased carbonic acid. 6.A patient is diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. The patient is hyperventilating and is therefore at risk for the respiratory complication of respiratory acidosis. False (resp alkalosis) 7.Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock? Septic 8.Respiratory acidosis is associated with increased carbonic acid. 9.Croup is characterized by a barking cough 10.A patient is diagnosed with a tortuous blood vessel of the right hand that bleeds spontaneously. This patient presents with telangiectasia. 11.The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called _____ pressure. capillary osmotic 12.Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by recipient antibodies 13.The major cause of death from leukemic disease is infection 14.The arterial oxygen content (CaO 2) for a patient with PaO 2 100 mm Hg, SaO 2 95%, and hemoglobin 15 g/dL is _____ mL oxygen/dL. 19.4 15.Mitral stenosis is associated with a pressure gradient across the mitral valve. 16.An example of an acyanotic heart defect is ventricular septal defect. 17.A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of mitral regurgitation. 18.After sitting in a chair for an hour, an elderly patient develops moderate lower extremity edema. His edema is most likely a consequence of rightsided heart failure. 19.What age group has a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid? Infants 20.How is a patient hospitalized with a malignant tumor that secretes parathyroid hormone–related peptide monitored for the resulting electrolyte imbalance? Serum calcium, bowel function, level of consciousness 21.A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs platelet adhesion to injured tissue 22.Pneumocystitis is a term that refers to a fungal pneumonia secondary to HIV. 23.The therapy that most directly improves cardiac contractility in a patient with systolic heart failure is digitalis. 2 24.Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of β-hemolytic streptococcal infection. 25.How do clinical conditions that increase vascular permeability cause edema? By allowing plasma proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, which draws in excess fluid by increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure 26.In contrast to all other types of shock, the hyperdynamic phase of septic shock is associated with high cardiac output 27.After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of tertiary prevention. 28.Which causes vasoconstriction? Norepinephrine 29.Renal compensation for respiratory acidosis is evidenced by elevated bicarbonate ion concentration. 30.Which change in a patient’s assessment has the greatest urgency? Serum potassium concentration is increasing; has developed cardiac dysrhythmias, but denies any difficulty breathing 31.Peripheral edema is a result of venous thrombosis. 32.Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis. liquefactive 33.While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding? Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease 34.Hypotension associated with neurogenic and anaphylactic shock is because of peripheral pooling of blood. 35.A normal bleeding time in association with normal platelet count, and increased prothrombin time (PT) and INR, is indicative of vitamin K deficiency. 36. Which disorder is associated with a type III hypersensitivity mechanism of injury? Systemic lupus erythematosus 37.What is the correct definition of complete remission (CR) of leukemia? CR is less than 5% blasts in marrow and normal CBC values. 38.In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, but who experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing? Class II, Compensated Stage 39.Certain autoimmune diseases are associated with the presence of specific proteins on a person’s cells. These proteins are called ________ proteins. HLA or MHC 40. After being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The patient reports “moderate” adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 to 148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention for this patient at this time? Continue lifestyle modifications only 3 41.Selye’s three phases of the stress response include all the following except allostasis. 42.All the following stress-induced hormones increase blood glucose except aldosterone. 43.The hypersecretion of mucus resulting for chronic bronchitis is the result of recurrent infection. 44.Administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to decrease left ventricular afterload. 45.The person at highest risk for developing hypernatremia is a person who receives tube feedings because he or she is comatose after a stroke. 46.The primary adaptive purpose of the substances produced in the alarm stage is energy and repair. 47.Respiratory acidosis may be caused by hypoventilation 48.Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in permanent damage and death 49.An increase in hemoglobin affinity for oxygen occurs with shift to the left. 50.Hyperaldosteronism causes ECV excess and hypokalemia. 51.A patient has a positive Chvostek sign. The nurse interprets this as a sign of increased neuromuscular excitability. 52.Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. 53.Hemophilia B is also known as Christmas disease. True 54.The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of tumor necrosis factor. 55.Which serum biomarker(s) are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells? Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T 56.The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the DNA. 57.The hypersensitivity reaction that does not involve antibody production is type IV. 58.Which group of clinical findings describes the typical presentation of ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)? Pain in long bones, infection, fever, bruising 59.Cancer grading is based on cell differentiation. 60.In individuals who have asthma, exposure to an allergen to which they are sensitized leads to which pathophysiologic event? Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction 61. Airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis is because of thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy. 62.Early manifestations of a developing metabolic acidosis include headache. 4 63.A patient with flail chest will demonstrate outward chest movement on expiration 64.When systemic vascular resistance is decreased, blood flow decreases. 65.Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of nitric oxide. 66.The electrolyte that has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid is _____ ions. sodium 67.Velocity of blood flow is measured in centimeters per second. 68.The increased anterior-posterior chest diameter associated with obstructive lung disease is caused by increased residual lung volumes. 69.An increase in the resting membrane potential (hyperpolarized) is associated with hypokalemia. 70.The most appropriate treatment for secondary polycythemia is measured to improve oxygenation. 71.The majority of cardiac cells that die after myocardial infarction do so because of apoptosis. 72.Which blood pressure reading is considered to be indicative of prehypertension according to the JNC-7 criteria? 128/82 73.Second-degree heart block type I (Wenckebach) is characterized by lengthening PR intervals and dropped P wave. 74.An abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is characteristic of premature ventricular complexes. 75.The primary source of erythropoietin is provided by the kidney. 76.The assessment findings of a 5-year-old with a history of asthma include extreme shortness of breath, nasal flaring, coughing, pulsus paradoxus, and use of accessory respiratory muscles. There is no wheezing and the chest is silent in many areas. How should you interpret your assessment? The child may be having such a severe asthma episode that the airways are closed, so start oxygen and get the doctor immediately. 77.Metaplasia is the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. 78.A patient presenting with fever, hypotension, and lactic acidosis is most likely to be experiencing what type of shock? Septic 79.Which characteristic is indicative of hemolytic anemia? Jaundice 80.Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including Burkitt lymphoma. 81.The imbalance that occurs with oliguric renal failure is hyperkalemia 82. A patient with a productive cough and parenchymal infiltrates on x-ray is demonstrating symptomology of bacterial pneumonia. 83.High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases afterload. 84.The characteristic x-ray findings in tuberculosis include Ghon tubercles. 85. Cardiogenic shock is characterized by reduced cardiac output. 86.First-degree heart block is characterized by prolonged PR interval. 5 87.The nurse provides teaching regarding dietary intake of potassium to avoid an electrolyte imbalance when a patient has chronic heart failure that is treated with diuretics 88.Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by deficiency of ATP. 89.Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n)communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. 90.When a parent asks how they will know if their 2-month-old baby, who is throwing up and has frequent diarrhea, is dehydrated, the nurse’s best response is “If the soft spot on the top of his head feels sunken in and his mouth is dry between his cheek and his gums, then he is probably dehydrated.” 91.Individuals who have chronic bronchitis most often have a productive cough. 92.Red blood cells differ from other cell types in the body, because they have no cytoplasmic organelles. 93.Metabolic alkalosis is often accompanied by hypokalemia. 94.Decreased neuromuscular excitability is often the result of hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia. 95.A 58-year-old woman is seen in the clinic for reports of severe back pain. Her chest x-ray demonstrates generalized bone demineralization and compression fracture. Blood studies demonstrate elevated calcium levels. The most likely diagnosis is myeloma. 96.Lactated Ringer solution and normal saline are commonly used crystalloid solutions that contain electrolytes. True 97.Clinical manifestations of chronic arterial obstruction include intermittent claudication