NURSING THEORIES AND NURSING PRACTICE

INCREASE YOUR CONFIDENCE Promotion subject to change without notice. Valid for purchases from FAD by individuals in the U.S. only. DAVIS’S NOTES FOR NURSES Clinical Pocket Companions SAVE 20% + FREE SHIPPING USE PROMO CODE: DAVIS20 Visit FAD Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice FIFTH EDITION Marlaine C. Smith, PhD, RN, AHN-BC, HWNC-BC, FAAN Diane L. Gullett, PhD, RN, MPH, Assistant Editor F. A. Davis Company 1915 Arch Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 Copyright © 2020 by F. A. Davis Company Copyright © 2020 by F. A. Davis Company. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Publisher: Susan Rhyner Senior Content Project Manager: Amy M. Romano Manager of Art and Design: Carolyn O’Brien As new scientific information becomes available through basic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies undergo changes. The author(s) and publisher have done everything possible to make this book accurate, up to date, and in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The author(s), editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of the book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised always to check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dose and contraindications before administering any drug. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Smith, Marlaine C. (Marlaine Cappelli), editor. Title: Nursing theories and nursing practice / [edited by] Marlaine C. Smith. Other titles: Nursing theories & nursing practice. Description: Fifth edition. | Philadelphia : F.A. Davis Company, [2020] | Preceded by Nursing theories & nursing practice / [edited by] Marlaine C. Smith, Marilyn E. Parker. Fourth edition. 2015. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 4 (print) | LCCN 2 (ebook) | ISBN 9854 (ebook) | ISBN 9917 (pbk.) Subjects: | MESH: Nursing Theory | Nurses | Biography Classification: LCC RT84.5 (ebook) | LCC RT84.5 (print) | NLM WY 86 | DDC 610.7301—dc23 LC record available at Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by F. A. Davis Company for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the fee of $.25 per copy is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is: 978-0-8036-7991-7/ 19 0 +$.25. Preface to the Fifth Edition Over 10 years ago Marilyn Parker invited me to work with her on the third edition of her well-respected book, Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice. The book was known for its focus on providing nurses and nursing students with a basic introduction to nursing theories that could inform their practice, and for the fact that its chapters were written by the theorists themselves or scholars identified by the theorists as experts. When I joined Marilyn as co-editor we retained this distinctiveness and created a new organization for the book, including a section on middle-range theories. In the fourth edition we added content on the evolution of the discipline of nursing and additional theories. Marilyn Parker decided not to continue as co-editor of the fifth edition. Although her name no longer appears on the cover, her spirit lives on in the pages of the book. Marilyn is passionate about nursing knowledge. This passion was born from asking the question, “What is nursing and how is it different from other health professions?” and getting the answer to that question from reading Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory. Marilyn was a pioneer in bringing theories to practicing nurses. Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice has roots in a series of nursing theory conferences organized by her in South Florida. Many of the theorists in this book addressed audiences of mostly practicing nurses at these conferences. Two books stimulated by those conferences and published by the National League for Nursing were the first edition of Parker’s Nursing Theories in Practice (1990) and Patterns of Nursing Theories in Practice (1993). This fifth edition of Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice continues to embody Marilyn’s vision to make nursing theory accessible to practicing nurses and students at all levels. Marilyn welcomed me to this project and encouraged my input. I will always be grateful for the opportunity to join her as co-editor and to receive the baton that she passed to me. My intent is to continue to honor her vision for this book. As I was working on the fourth edition I was fortunate to have a talented PhD student, Diane Gullett, agree to help me with the administrative work as my research assistant. Diane has now completed her PhD and has joined me as the Assistant Editor of this fifth edition. She co-authored a chapter and contributed practice exemplars for other chapters. In addition, Diane revised and updated all of the ancillary resources that appear online in DavisPlus. I’m most grateful for Diane’s organizational prowess and her careful editorial skills. I couldn’t have completed this book without her assistance, and I’m certain the book is better because of it. This book offers the perspective that nursing is a professional discipline with a body of knowledge that guides its practice. Nursing theories are an important part of this body of knowledge, and regardless of complexity or abstraction, reflect nursing and should be used by nurses to frame their thinking, action, and being in the world. As guides, nursing theories are practical in nature and facilitate communication with those we serve as well as with colleagues, students, and others practicing in health-related services. My hope is that this book illuminates for the reader the interrelationship between nursing theories and nursing practice, and that this will focus practice more meaningfully and make a difference in the health and quality of life of people who are recipients of nursing care. There are several important changes to the fifth edition. First, two additional middle-range theories have been added. These theories originated from scholars outside the United States, providing a more global perspective on nursing theory development. Adeline Falk-Rafael is v from Canada and presents her theory of Critical Caring, which incorporates a critical–social theory perspective. The second is Katie Eriksson’s theory of Caritative Caring written by Eriksson’s colleague Camilla Koskinen and Diane Gullett, whose dissertation was informed by Eriksson’s concepts of suffering and caring. Eriksson is from Finland, and her work in caring science is well known throughout the Nordic countries. In this edition several practice exemplars were developed; only one chapter does not include a practice exemplar (at the request of the author). Questions to guide reflection and discussion appear at the conclusion of each chapter. Chapter authors summarize research related to the theory, but because of limited page length some of the content was moved to DavisPlus at . Additionally, due to the lengthy lists of chapter references the publisher decided to move all references to DavisPlus as well. While each chapter is presented using a standard structure, the theorists themselves or their surrogates present their ideas in their own style providing some diversity among the chapters. But uniformity is a worthy sacrifice for preserving the accuracy from the primary or expert sources. This book is intended to help nursing students in undergraduate, master’s, and doctoral nursing programs explore and appreciate nursing theories and their use in nursing practice and scholarship. In addition, and in response to calls from practicing nurses, this book is intended for use by those who desire to enrich their practice by the study of nursing theories and related illustrations of nursing practice. The contributing authors describe theory development processes and perspectives on the theories, giving us a variety of views for the 21st century and beyond. Each chapter of the book includes a section about the theorist, an overview of the theory, applications of the theory in practice and research, a practice exemplar, summary, and questions for reflection and discussion. A chapter outline at the beginning of each chapter provides a map for the contents. Major points are highlighted in each chapter. I am hopeful that this overview of the theory and its applications will lead to deeper exploration of the theory as students consult other published works by the theorists and those working closely with the theory in practice or research. This book is structured to offer nursing students at all levels a taste of a variety of nursing theories so that they can explore selected theories in greater depth and appreciate nursing theories for their potential to improve care and advance nursing knowledge through research. There are six sections in the book. The first provides an overview of nursing theory, the evolution of theory in the discipline, and a focus for thinking about evaluating and choosing a nursing theory for use in practice. Section II introduces the work of early nursing scholars whose ideas provided a foundation for more formal theory development. The nursing conceptual models and grand theories are clustered into three parts in Sections III, IV, and V. Section III contains those theories classified within the integrative-interactive paradigm, and those in the unitary–transformative paradigm are included in Section IV. Grand theories that are focused on the phenomena of care or caring appear in Section V. The final section contains a selection of middle-range theories. The book’s website at is. com features materials that will enrich the teaching and learning of these nursing theories. For this edition these materials were developed or updated by Diane Gullett, Assistant Editor. For this edition, Diane included activities in the Instructor Guide using active learning strategies meant to facilitate student learning about nursing theory. Other online resources include additional bonus content such as extended bibliographies, in-depth biographies of select nursing theorists, and case studies. This book provides a useful overview of the latest theoretical advances of many of nursing’s finest scholars. I am most grateful to these contributors whose love of nursing and creative conceptualizations inform our practice, inspire our research, and improve care. With each edition of this book I’ve learned more and received new insights. A deep bow to each of you! My interest in nursing theory came early as a student in a BSN program when early conceptualizations about nursing were surfacing in the vi Preface to the Fifth Edition literature. As a nurse pursuing an interdisciplinary master’s degree in public health I recognized that while all the other public health disciplines had some unique perspective to share, public health nursing seemed to lack a clear identity. In search of the identity of nursing I pursued a second master’s in nursing. At that time nursing theory was gaining wider recognition, and I learned about it from my teachers and mentors Sr. Rosemary Donley, Dr. Rosemarie Parse, and Dr. Mary Jane Smith. This discovery was the answer I was seeking, and it both expanded and focused my thinking about nursing. The question of “What is nursing?” was answered for me by these theories and I couldn’t get enough! It led to my decision to pursue my PhD in Nursing at New York University where I studied the Science of Unitary Human Beings. During this same time I taught at Duquesne University with Rosemarie Parse and learned more about Man–Living–Health, which is now Humanbecoming. I conducted several studies based on Rogers’ conceptual system and Parse’s theory. At theory conferences I was fortunate to dialogue with Virginia Henderson, Hildegard Peplau, Imogene King, and Madeleine Leininger. In 1988 I accepted a faculty position at the University of Colorado when Jean Watson was Dean. The School of Nursing was guided by a caring philosophy and framework, and I embraced caring as a central focus of the discipline of nursing. I had studied Newman’s Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness and was intrigued by it, so for my sabbatical I decided to study it further with her guidance as well as learn more about the unitary appreciative inquiry process that Richard Cowling was developing. I have been fortunate to be the dean of the Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing at Florida Atlantic University where faculty and students ground their teaching scholarship and practice on caring theories. The College has a history of advancing theoretical development in nursing; many of the former and current faculty have contributed chapters to this book. I continue to network with colleagues passionate about nursing theory. The American Academy of Nursing (AAN) Expert Panel on Theory-Guided Practice is an excellent forum for this networking. Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) and the AAN sponsored a Nursing Theory Conference marking the 50th anniversary of the first one held at CWRU. The discipline of nursing is expanding with more research and practice in existing theories and the introduction of new theories. This is especially important at a time when nursing theory can provide what is missing and needed most in health care today. The fifth edition of this book has been nurtured by Susan Rhyner, an expert editor for F. A. Davis Company. Diane and I are appreciative of her guidance, patience, and steady hand. We give special thanks to Shana Murph and Amy Romano, who served as the contacts and coordinators for this project. I am grateful to my husband Brian for his love and enduring support and to my children, Kirsten, Alicia, and Brady, and their spouses, Jonathan and Tori, for the joy and love that they bring to my life. I honor my parents, Deno and Rose Cappelli, for instilling in me the love of learning, the value of hard work, and the importance of caring for others. Finally, I dedicate this book to my beautiful grandchildren who light up my life … Iyla Ever, Lenyn Rose, Soryn Deno, and Evangeline Celestia. Marlaine C. Smith Boca Raton, Florida Preface to the Fifth Edition vii Nursing Theorists Elizabeth Ann Manhart Barrett, PhD, RN, LMHC, FAAN Professor Emerita Hunter College City University of New York New York, New York Charlotte D. Barry, PhD, RN, NCSN, FAAN Professor of Nursing Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida Anne Boykin, PhD, RN* Dean Emeritus Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida Barbara Montgomery Dossey, PhD, RN, AHN-BC, FAAN, HWNC-BC Director Holistic Nursing Consultants Santa Fe, New Mexico Joanne R. Duffy, PhD, RN, FAAN Executive Vice President and Visiting Professor Indiana University School of Nursing Indianapolis, Indiana Helen L. Erickson, PhD, RN, AHN-BC, FAAN* Professor Emerita University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas Katie Eriksson, PhD, RN* Professor Emeritus Adeline Falk-Rafael, RN, PhD, FAAN Professor York University Toronto, Ontario Lydia Hall† Virginia Henderson† Dorothy Johnson† Imogene King† Katharine Kolcaba, PhD, RN* Associate Professor Emeritus The University of Akron Akron, Ohio Madeleine M. Leininger† Patricia Liehr, PhD, RN Associate Dean for Nursing Research and Scholarship Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida Rozzano C. Locsin, PhD, RN, FAAN Professor and Professor Emeritus Tokushima University/Florida Atlantic University Tokushima, Japan/Boca Raton, Florida Afaf I. Meleis, PhD, FAAN Dean Emerita and Professor of Nursing and Sociology University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Betty Neuman, PhD, RN, PLC, FAAN Founder Neuman Systems Model, Inc Seattle, Washington Margaret Newman, RN, PhD, FAAN† Professor Emerita University of Minnesota College of Nursing St. Paul, Minnesota Florence Nightingale† Dorothea E. Orem† Ida Jean Orlando (Pelletier)† Marilyn E. Parker, PhD, RN, FAAN Professor Emerita Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida