Core Curriculum of Dialysis Technician Module 2 Questions Answered 100% correct

Core Curriculum of Dialysis Technician Module 2 Questions Answered 100% correct Treatment patients choose - What they can eat and drink - How well they sleep - How many medications - Whether they can be active - How they spend their time - Whether they can father or bear children Renal Anatomy - 2 kidneys, size of a fist, and weighs about 5 oz Medulla Inner part of the kidney Pyramids made of pie-shaped wedges Papillae Points of the "pie" Calyx a cup shaped opening Renal Pelvis where drops of urine are sent to Ureter - a tube that sends the urine to the bladder - It empties into the bladder Bladder Stores urine until it leaves the body through the urethra Nephrons - Start in the renal cortex and extend into the medulla - They get rid of excess water and wastes, and keep what the body needs Capillary blood vessels carry blood to a million or so nephrons Glomerulus - a ball of capillaries in a sac called Bowman's capsule - Blood enters each glomerulus from an afferent (towards the organ) arteriole (small artery) Capillary walls - semipermeable membranes - acts like a filter, pores in the walls let small substances pass through Glomerulus walls keep in large cells, like blood cells and proteins Glomerular filtrate where small wastes and water pass through the pores How much does a normal adult make? A normal adult makes about 125 mL of glomerular filtrate each minute; 180 lites per day Tubular System Each glomerulus sends filtrate into a tubule that has four parts: - proximal (near) convoluted tubule - loop of Henle - distal (far) convoluted tubule - collecting tubule Calyces where wastes and extra water empty into Process of the Tubular System - inside the tubules, chemicals and water pass back into the blood - wastes and extra water empty into the calyces - they then flow into the renal pelvis and then the ureter to become urine Function of kidney - maintain homeostasis - Removal of wastes - Fluid and Electrolyte Balance - Blood Pressure Control Homeostasis Balance of chemicals and fluid in the body Kidneys: - Remove wastes - Keep water and electrolytes in balance - control blood pressure - Maintain acid-base balance - make hormones Urine excess body water with a high level wastes from: - foods that are metabolized - Breakdown of tissue due to normal muscle use - drugs, toxins, and acids Blood Pressure Control - Blood has a number of electrolytes--like sodium-- and the kidneys keep them in balance Electrolytes substances that form ions ions - charged particles - conducts electricity when they dissolve in water Hormones - body's way of sending a message from one organ to another - making hormones is an endocrine function of the kidneys Kidneys make: - Erythropoietin--tells the bone marrow to make rbc - Calcitriol (active vitamin D): lets the gut absorb calcium Acute Kidney Failure a sudden loss of kidney function Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) a long, slow process of nephron loss People with CKD can help slow down the process by: - keeping their blood sugar in the target range - Keeping their blood pressure in the target range - avoid pain pills NSAIDS (non steroidal, anti-inflammatory) - quit smoking - ask doctors to make steps to protect their kidneys if they need x-ray dye tests The National Kidney Foundation (NFK) lists 5 stages of CKD based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Stage 5 CKD Most severe level GFR: 90 - kidney damage with normal or higher GFR - may have no symptom GFR: 60-89 - kidney damage with mild drop in GFR - may have no symptoms or may have anemia and changes in blood pressure, and calcium and phosphorus levels GFR: 30-59 - Somewhat lower GFR - May notice symptoms like: fatigue, anemia, swelling, high bp GFR: 15-29 - Severe drop in GFR - symptoms are present in most - time to get ready for dialysis or transplant