Atkinson & Shiffrins 1968, claimed that each store is unitary with no separate parts and
separate (features differ in terms of capacity, duration and coding so one can be damaged
when the other isn’t). Info is stored in LTM in the following ways; 5)
3)
1)Information from the environment that stimulates our sense 1)
2)Environmental stimuli is retrieved and recorded
2) 4)
for very brief periods- no more than a few seconds
3) Enables info to pass through to STM if it grabs our attention/stays in our minds
4)Holds a small amount of info in an active, readily available state for a short period of time
5)Info can be kept in STM (limited capacity and duration) through repetition and rehearsal over time 6)
6)The process of getting info out of our memory storage and back into the conscious awareness
7)Deeper thinking about the info in STM so it becomes coded semantically and passed to the LTM Explan
8)Holds a continuous amount of info in a less obvious but still available state for a limitless time period memory:
9)The process of recovering or locating info stored in LTM
Model o
Supported by research- Glanzer & Contradictory research- Case study of KP found that his STM for digits was
E Cunitz (1966) asked P’s to remember they read out loud to him (sound) but his recall was much better when he
v a list of words, they found that when digits himself (visual)- decreases validity since STM isn’t unitary but split in
a P’s were asked to recall they tended visual and acoustic stores- therefore... However, evidence from a brain dam
l to recall the words from the beg a motorbike accident isn’t reliable as it concerns unique cases of traumatic
inning linked to LTM (primacy effect- Oversimplistic- Some believe role rehearsal is too simple
u
rehearsed) & the end of the list linked to the transfer of info from STM to LTM as it often occurs w
a
STM (recency effect, actively available)- Flash bulb memories (vivid, highly detailed of surprising
t
increases validity of the claim about recalled easily w/o rehearsal e.g. Twin Towers- decrease
i
MSM’s unitary stores since LTM and STM it over emphasises the role of rehearsal in forming LTM-
o Contradictory research- Working memory model shows that STM
n are separate stores-therefore…MSM is an at least 3 separate components: Central Executive, Phonological
effective explanation of the memory spatial Scratchpad- decreases validity since its over simplistic- th
,The memory store for each of our 5 senses- sight, Key Study: Capacity Aim: To investigate
hearing, smell, taste and touch. Our sense are & Duration in SR, duration of the sen
engaged when we are exposed to a stimulus such as a Sperling (1960)
strong smell, this enables you to remember sensory Method: P’s were flashed 3x4 grid
stimuli after your exposure to the stimuli has ended a screen for 50 milliseconds, he as
Sensory register as many letters as they could and
Two main parts of the sensory register:
(SR) single rows of letters when particu
Iconic store- visual info (what you see)
heard (high for top row, medium f
Echoic store- auditory info (what you hear)
Results: P’s could remember approx. 4 letters but
Other sensory stores are: Haptic store- what you feel, recall rows, 3 items were the avg. Yet, the items d
Gustatory store- what you taste, Olfactory store- what you smell
Capacity: Very large Duration: Limited Coding: Unprocessed form Conc: Capacity of SR is a min
duration is between 250 to 5
Coding in SR- There are separate stores for different sensory inputs. If you milliseconds (1/5- 1/2 of a se
pay attention to the info then it goes through to the STM and if you don’t image of each item fades du
pay attention to it then it fades and we call this trace decay and the time it takes to repo
so it could be much larger th
High control over extraneous variables- Its a lab Low ecological validity- Objective and cont
Ev experiment so P can be confident it’s the IV causing the laboratory conditions (recalling random lett
al DV, establishing cause and effect since all P’s had the are unrepresentative of natural settings an
ua same controlled conditions (same letters, time, behaviour so it doesn’t test the true comp
ti standardized instructions)- increases validity of the of how the sensory register works in real li
on claim about sensory registers- therefore…sensory decreases generalisability- therefore…
registers have a limited duration and a large capacity
separate (features differ in terms of capacity, duration and coding so one can be damaged
when the other isn’t). Info is stored in LTM in the following ways; 5)
3)
1)Information from the environment that stimulates our sense 1)
2)Environmental stimuli is retrieved and recorded
2) 4)
for very brief periods- no more than a few seconds
3) Enables info to pass through to STM if it grabs our attention/stays in our minds
4)Holds a small amount of info in an active, readily available state for a short period of time
5)Info can be kept in STM (limited capacity and duration) through repetition and rehearsal over time 6)
6)The process of getting info out of our memory storage and back into the conscious awareness
7)Deeper thinking about the info in STM so it becomes coded semantically and passed to the LTM Explan
8)Holds a continuous amount of info in a less obvious but still available state for a limitless time period memory:
9)The process of recovering or locating info stored in LTM
Model o
Supported by research- Glanzer & Contradictory research- Case study of KP found that his STM for digits was
E Cunitz (1966) asked P’s to remember they read out loud to him (sound) but his recall was much better when he
v a list of words, they found that when digits himself (visual)- decreases validity since STM isn’t unitary but split in
a P’s were asked to recall they tended visual and acoustic stores- therefore... However, evidence from a brain dam
l to recall the words from the beg a motorbike accident isn’t reliable as it concerns unique cases of traumatic
inning linked to LTM (primacy effect- Oversimplistic- Some believe role rehearsal is too simple
u
rehearsed) & the end of the list linked to the transfer of info from STM to LTM as it often occurs w
a
STM (recency effect, actively available)- Flash bulb memories (vivid, highly detailed of surprising
t
increases validity of the claim about recalled easily w/o rehearsal e.g. Twin Towers- decrease
i
MSM’s unitary stores since LTM and STM it over emphasises the role of rehearsal in forming LTM-
o Contradictory research- Working memory model shows that STM
n are separate stores-therefore…MSM is an at least 3 separate components: Central Executive, Phonological
effective explanation of the memory spatial Scratchpad- decreases validity since its over simplistic- th
,The memory store for each of our 5 senses- sight, Key Study: Capacity Aim: To investigate
hearing, smell, taste and touch. Our sense are & Duration in SR, duration of the sen
engaged when we are exposed to a stimulus such as a Sperling (1960)
strong smell, this enables you to remember sensory Method: P’s were flashed 3x4 grid
stimuli after your exposure to the stimuli has ended a screen for 50 milliseconds, he as
Sensory register as many letters as they could and
Two main parts of the sensory register:
(SR) single rows of letters when particu
Iconic store- visual info (what you see)
heard (high for top row, medium f
Echoic store- auditory info (what you hear)
Results: P’s could remember approx. 4 letters but
Other sensory stores are: Haptic store- what you feel, recall rows, 3 items were the avg. Yet, the items d
Gustatory store- what you taste, Olfactory store- what you smell
Capacity: Very large Duration: Limited Coding: Unprocessed form Conc: Capacity of SR is a min
duration is between 250 to 5
Coding in SR- There are separate stores for different sensory inputs. If you milliseconds (1/5- 1/2 of a se
pay attention to the info then it goes through to the STM and if you don’t image of each item fades du
pay attention to it then it fades and we call this trace decay and the time it takes to repo
so it could be much larger th
High control over extraneous variables- Its a lab Low ecological validity- Objective and cont
Ev experiment so P can be confident it’s the IV causing the laboratory conditions (recalling random lett
al DV, establishing cause and effect since all P’s had the are unrepresentative of natural settings an
ua same controlled conditions (same letters, time, behaviour so it doesn’t test the true comp
ti standardized instructions)- increases validity of the of how the sensory register works in real li
on claim about sensory registers- therefore…sensory decreases generalisability- therefore…
registers have a limited duration and a large capacity
