CIC Exam Study Cards 2022/2023 with Complete Solution

Type I error - ANSWER-Rejecting null hypothesis when it is true Type II error - ANSWER-failing to reject a false null hypothesis cohort study - ANSWER-Follows a group of people to track risk factors and outcomes overtime Groups are defined regarding their EXPOSURE to a factor of interest. (perspective or longitudinal studies) Followed-up to determine differences in rates at which disease develops in relation to exposure. Start with a sample of individuals with and without EXPOSURE to a potential risk factors who are followed for incidence of the outcome in each group. They can also be done retrospectively. Cohort studies have less patient selection and stronger evidence of causal association. Yields incidence rates, relative risk, attributable risk More EXPENSIVE Case-control study - ANSWER-Compares histories of a group of people with a condition to a group of people without the condition. Begins with the identification of individuals who have the OUTCOME of interest. After case-control status is defined, exposures are assessed and evaluated. Good for studying rare outcomes or outcomes that develop over a long time. Determine if two groups differ in exposure. (Case reference, case comparison. Or retrospective studies) Examine the population of individuals with and without an outcome of interest, study for exposure to one or more risk factors. The studies are quicker, less expensive, and easier. Generally yields only estimate of relative risk (odds ratio). Example: Foodborne illness investigations cross-sectional study - ANSWER-Assesses the prevalence of an outcome in a broad population at one point in time. Provide a "snapshot" of a population at a moment in time. Point Prevalence. (Prevalence, correlation or survey studies) Exam in the outcome and risk factors reviewed in a population group at one point in time. In the studies the outcomes are measured the incidence rate cannot be determined. case reports/series - ANSWER-Detailed history of a small number of individual cases quasi-experiment - ANSWER-Non-randomly assigned groups of patients to receive either a treatment or placebo Randomized-controlled trial - ANSWER-Randomly selects a group of patients to receive a treatment and Another to receive placebo systematic review and meta-analysis - ANSWER-Collects all previous studies on the topic and statistically combined their results Sensitivity - ANSWER-The ability of a test to detect ALL TRUE cases of the disease. = (Number of true-positive results) / (the number of true-positive + false-negative results) High sensitivity = High False Positives. High sensitivity = TRUE NEGATIVES. You will not have any false negative tests. Specificity - ANSWER-The ability of a test to correctly identify a negative result. = (Number of true-Negative results) + (Number of False-Positive results) High Specificity = TRUE POSITIVES. you will not have any false positive tests. High chance for false negatives. Positive Predictive Value (PPV) - ANSWER-TP/(TP+FP)