Illinois pesticide general standards already graded A

Illinois pesticide general standards already graded A pest any insect, mite, rodent,nematode, fungus, weed, or other plant or animal that is injurious to the health of humans, animals, or to the environment economic threshold number of pests per plant or the amount of damage to a plant at which point control measures should be begun economic injury level break-even point at which the cost of pest control equals the revenue loss caused by a pest aesthetic injury level number of pests that might cause enough damage to the appearance of a plant to warrant the cost of control cultural control improves crop health in order to make the crop better able to compete against pests. for example, a dense, vigorous stand of turfgrass that has been properly fertilized and mowed is the best defense against invading weeds. selecting plants that are resistant to insects or disease pathogens is another cultural control practice mechanical control physically eliminates the best. hand pulling, hoeing, rotary hoeing, cultivating, mowing, and aquatic weed harvesting can control weeds and minimize the needs for herbicides biological control the use of living organisms to reduce pest populations to economically acceptable levels. insects,diseases, or parasitic plants can be used as control agents to reduce weed competitiveness. examples for pest control-parasitic wasps to control alfalfa weevil and b.t. to control corn borers. triploid amur carp, have been used successfully in some aquatic areas. chemical control may be an integral part of an ipm program. quick effective short term, consider non-chemical methods first, consider environmental impacts, apply at proper time and site plant pests are generally categorized as insects and other animals, weeds, or diseases. first step in pest control is identification of the pest miticides mites desiccants plants to be dehydrated active ingredients toxic to the pest. examples: glysophate, carbaryl, propiconazole inactive ingredients example: solvent or dry carrier adjuvant- a chemical that modifies a pesticides physical properties and/or enhances performance drift reduction additives increase droplet size and reduce drift spreaders help individual spray droplets spread out on the treated surface stickers improve pesticide adherence to the treated surface penetrant improves systematic pesticide penetration in the treated surface jar test perform a jar test physical compatibility is a concern selective pesticides control some related pests, but not others. example-2,4-D to control broadleaf weeds in grasses non-selective pesticides control all related pests. example-glyphosate to control all weeds along a fence row contact pesticides do not move within the plant. expamle-daconil fungicide, sevin insecticide, gramoxone herbicide systematic pesticides move within the plant. example-apron fungicide, merit insecticide, roundup herbicide preharvest interval (PHI) minimum time that mush pass between application and harvest Spot applications treat only a portion of the total area and are used to control pests that are grouped or clustered Band applications treat only a narrow strip over or alongside a row of desirable plants broadcast applications treat the entire area or field nozzle spacing and boom height determines the overlap on a boom sprayer. raise increases overlab. lower decreases overlap amount of spray applied flow rate of spray determined by oricifice size uniformity of the spray determined by nozzle pattern and overlap coverage of the target influence by droplet size small droplets provide better coverage, but more likely to drift droplet sizes influence coverage of target and drift droplet size spectrum nozzle produce a range of droplet sizes vapor drift movement of pesticide in vapor or gas form particle drift movement of spray droplets particle drift is primarily influenced by droplet size, wind speed, wind direction nozzles affect droplet size, smaller droplets are more likely to drift, orifice size determines droplet size boom height determines distance spray travels to target, shorter distance means less exposure to wind Do not spray when: wind speed is greater than 10 mph, wind is blowing towards sensitive areas, winds are shifting, during periods of calm or during an inversion oral swallowing, accidentally drinking pesticide, not washing hands before lunch when applying pesticides inhalation breathing, mixing an loading pesticides in a confined area, such as a storage building, applying pesticides in a grain bin or other confined area dermal through skin, spilling pesticide on yourself while mixing and loading, pesticide drift blowing onto you during application LD 50 lethal dose for 50% of a test population in milligrams of pesticide per kilogram of animal body weight (mg/kg) which is the same as parts per million (ppm) danger-poison signal word high toxicity oral ld50(0-50ppm)dermal ld50(0-200 ppm) warning signal word moderate toxicity oral ld50(50-500 ppm) dermal ld50 (200-2000ppm) acute poisoning one time contact what factors make up a pesticide hazard toxicity + exposure if poisoning occurs call 911, administer first aid, take pesticide label additional protective clothing needed when mixing and loading gloves, boots, aprons, goggles cartridge respiratior for short term use canister respiratior for extended use maintain an air gap between end of hose and liquid in tank to prevent back syphoning wash pad to contain spills and rinsate triple rinsing drain for 30 seconds, refill 1/4-1/3 with water, drain for 30 seconds, refill and drain 2 more times spray application rate: the amount of spray solution applied per unit area formulation application rate: the amount of formulation applied per unit area GPA gallons of spray applied per acre GPA is determined by: Nozzle flow rate-oricifice size and psi ground speed-double to spreed reduces gpa by 1/2, halving the speed increases gpa by 2 effective sprayed width (inches)- nozzle spacing for broadcast applicatioins 2 ways to change the nozzle flow rate change the pressure, change nozzles-different orifice size fungi spores spread by rain, wind, insects, seeds, equipment, soil, water. examples: leaf spots, root rots bacteria single celled; usually enter through wounds in the plant. example: crown gall, soft rot, certain cankers viruses genetic particles; commonly transmitted by insects and seed. example:mosaic, mottles nematodes microscopic roundworms; live on plant roots or other plant parts. example: soybean cyst nematode, pine wilt What 4 factors govern the development and seriousness of infectious plant diseases Pathogen, environment, susceptible host, time some characteristics of insects 6 lets, 4 wings, 2 antennas, 3 body region:head, thorax, abdomen, 2 antennae, chewing or sucking mouthparts complete life cycle 3. pupa. 4. adult examples: Japanese beetle, honey bee, monarch butterfly, black cutworm, mosquito, lady beetle incomplete life cycle 1. Egg 2. Nymph 3. Adult examples:aphid, grasshopper, leafhopper, stink bug, cockroach, praying mantis 3 types of weeds 1. broadleaf 2. grass 3. grasslike: triangle stem(sedges, cattails) annuals complete life cycle in one year summer annual emerge in the spring or the summer, and produce seed and die before winter. examples: crabgrass, pigweed winter annual emerge in the fall, overwinter as seedlings, and produce seed and die in early summer. examples: common chickweed, henbit biennial live for 2 years before dying. year 1: they form roots and rosette(cluster of leaves). year 2: they bolt and produce a seed stalk examples: bull thistle, wild carrot (queen Anne's lace) perrenial live for more than two years. herbaceous types die back to the ground each fall and resprout the following spring. examples: dandelion, yellow nutsedge steps taken to avoid vapor drift avoid applications when temperature is over 85 degrees F. Use amine (water based) formulations rather than ester oil based formulations. incorporate the pesticide into the soil as directed 2 ways pesticides can move off the treated area into nearby surface water runoff and erosion 2 ways pesticides can move to contaminate groundwater run-in and leachiang what should be done in the event of a spill stop the spill, attend to the injured(use ppe) contact the proper authorities. contact IEMA(Illinois emergency management agency) apply pesticides when bees are not active before dawn and after dusk, when temperature are less than 55 degrees F Notify beekeepers: if hives are within 3 mile, 48 hours prior FIFRA Federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act rcra resources conservation recovery act (regulates management of hazardous wastes) IEPA Illinois environmental protection agency hazardous waste laws, spills and illegal disposal IDNR Illinois department of natural resources administers Illinois conservation laws which protect most birds and mammals. startlings, house sparrows, and pigeons not protected. you must obtain a permit from idnr before using Piscicides (fish control) avicides (bird control) Illinois department of public health (IDPH) administers the Illinois structural pest control act-structural pesticides use and licensing. indoor pest, birds, and wood treatment Illinois department of agriculture (IDA) regulates agricultural use of pesticides, pesticide regulation, pesticide registration for emergency pest control, misuse investigation applicator or operator must recertify every 3 years worker right-to-know law employees must be informed of pesticides and other hazardous chemicals in the workplace msds material safety data sheets commercial applicators shall retain a record of all restricted use pesticides for 2 years ticks are large mites with leathery skin spiders have four pairs of legs, two distinct body regions, and sucking mouthparts woody perennials have persistent aboveground stems that remain form season to season although their leaves may die in autumn residual(or persistent) pesticides remain sufficiently active to kill pests for several days to several weeks or even years after application microencapsulated the active ingredient in microencapsulated formulations is surrounded by a capsule or coating that is suspended in a solvent or carrier. special caution mush be taken when using near bee hives. they could gather the capsules and carry them back to the bee hives Solution formulations form a true solution when mixed with the appropriate carrier designated on the label appropriate tank mixing order 1. fill tank 1/5 to 1/2 full with carrier 2. add compatibility agent(if needed) 3. add suspension products first drys:WPs, DFs, WDGs second liquids:Fs, Ls, ME 4. Add emulsion products 5add solution products (Ss, SPs) 6. add surfactants(if needed) reentry time or restricted entry interval (rei) the time that must pass before the area is safe to enter any mixing and loading site should be be set back 200 ft from any well in rural areas